BIOLOGY 1A03 Test 1 Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update

BIOLOGY 1A03 Test 1 Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update Amylase - Answers Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches How does amylase initiate starch breakdown? - Answers catalyzes hydrolysis of starch into saccharine, than metabolized through GI tract, possible because enzyme us encoded in DNA of salivary gland cells Was meat-based or carb-based diet more popular in primates? - Answers Meat! Essential for brain development, but carbs provided flexibility in food sources and adaptive advantage for more food! Mitosis - Answers part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides, 2 cells to 10 trillion cells as adult! Cells differ in function but have the same... - Answers genetic heritage! Eukaryotic cells - Answers Nucleus (genetic material), e.g., neurons Prokaryotic - Answers no nucleus :( and bacterial!!! Harmless and is capable of carrying out necessary life functions Microbiome - Answers pops of microbiotic organisms Microorganisms include... - Answers prokaryotes and small eukaryotes Streptococcus salivarius (SS) - Answers upper respiratory tract, oral cavity, dental plaque, SHOOT SHOOT bad breath germs Staphylococcus haemolyticus (SH) - Answers Skin, Harmful inside body, infections Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT) - Answers intestinal, makes enzymes that help plan breakdown (Break That down) cells has... - Answers membrane and macromolecules! four macromolecules - Answers nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides/carbs, phospholipids Nucleic acids - Answers genetic, found in DNA Proteins - Answers structural elements and metabolic activities Polysaccharides/carbohydrates - Answers structural & stored energy Phospholipids - Answers membrane! Hydrophobic tails - Answers hate water (phobia of water), core of lipid, 16-18 carbons Hydrophilic head groups - Answers love water, peripheral of lipid (faces inside and outside of cell) Phospholipid consists of - Answers glycerol & phosphate & two fatty acids Steroids - Answers also part of membrane, including cholesterol phospholipids form... - Answers bilayers and micelles Bilayers - Answers phospholipids move laterally within one layer w/ lots of energy Micelles - Answers Absorbed vitamins and complex lipids that form spontaneously, keeps them preserved in cell Four factors affecting fluidity of membranes - Answers number of carbons, kinks, environmental, steroids (kinky environmentalist carbons take steroids) Number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain - Answers longer chains pack more tightly reducing fluidity double bonds produce kinks/bends - Answers push phospholipids apart and increase fluidity, more permeable external environmental factors - Answers higher temperature=more fluid steroids - Answers thicken up membrane, makes up 50%, cholesterol will push phospholipids together or apart depending on situation double bonds are - Answers unsaturated lipid raft - Answers lower fluidity region in membrane, holds macromolecules together Fluid Mosaic Model - Answers membranes consist of proteins and carbs embedded in fluid phospholipid bilayer Types of transport across membrane - Answers Passive diffusion, passive transport, active transport Passive/simple diffusion - Answers small molecules w/ gradient in or out of cell, includes lipid-soluble molecules, uncharged polar molecules, gases Passive transport - Answers same as diffusion but require proteins! includes facilitated diffusion and osmosis Active transport - Answers molecules against gradient, requires ATP 3 effects of osmosis - Answers isotonic (no net water movement), hypertonic (RBC shrivels), hypotonic (RBC swells) Primary active transport - Answers protein directly affected by ATP, undergoes change to pump substance against gradient (3 Na out, 2 K in) Secondary active transport - Answers proteins take advantage of existing pumps How does temperature affect fluidity? - Answers higher temperature, increased fluidity, as particles move faster Cold environment mammals have... - Answers more cholesterol to increase fluidity in the membrane (prevents membrane from freezing)