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Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
nature-nurture issue
the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and
experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those
contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to
succeeding generations
neuroscience
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how the body and brain
create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
evolutionary
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how nature selects traits
that promote the perpetuation of one's genes
behavior genetics
,the perspective of psychological science that deals with how much our genes,
and our environment, influence our individual differences
psychodynamic
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how behavior springs
from unconscious drives and conflicts
behavioral
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we learn observable
responses
cognitive
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we encode, process,
store, and retrieve information
social-cultural
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how behavior and
thinking vary across situations and cultures
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
,clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with
psychological disorders
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by
physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as
well as psychological therapy
hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen
it
critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it
examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses
conclusions
theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts
observations
hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
, operational definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For
example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test
measures
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in
different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other
participants and circumstances
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of
revealing universal principles
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people,
usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and
behaviors
population
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
random sample