lOMoARcPSD|59658805
Schizophrenia essay plans
A-Level Psychology (University of Oxford)
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DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE THE CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
AO1
CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• SCHZOPHRENIA: a PSYCHOTIC DISORDER involving a BREAK in REALITY which involves a disrup on of
COGNITION and EMOTION, which a ects LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, PERCEPTION and SENSE OF SELF
• 2 MANUALS : ICD 10 AND THE DSM5
• DSM-5: ONE of the POSITIVE features (delusions or hallucina on or speech disorganisa on)
• ICD-10: TWO or MORE NEGATIVE FEATURES and recognises SUBTYPES of SCHZOPHRENIA e.g. PARANOID
SCHIZOPHRENIA = powerful DELUSIONS and HALLUCINATIONS but few other + HEBEATRNIC
SCHIZOPHRENIA = DISTURBANCE of MOVEMENT, leaving the su erer IMMOBILE or OVERACTIVE
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
• HALLUCINATIONS: they SEE, HEAR, TASTE or EVEN FEEL something that ISN’T REALLY THERE – HEARING
VOICES or imagining PEOPLE/ANIMALS/DISTORDED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• DELUSIONS: IRRATIONAL BELIEFS e.g. being an important gure – beliefs that have NO BASIS in reality and
ACT in a way that makes SENSE TO THEM
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
• AVOLITION: nding it DIFFICULT to perform ACTIVITIES that are GOAL-ORIENTED e.g. poor hygiene, lack of
energy and inconsistency in work/educa on
• SPEECH POVERTY: REDUCTION in the AMOUNT and QUALITY OF SPEECH e.g. slurred speech or a delay in
the su erer’s verbal responses during a conversa on
AO3
• RELIABILITY: (CONSISTENCY) INTER-RATER RELIABLITY: the extent to which DIFFERENT ASSESSORS/TWO or
MORE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AGREE on the ASSESSMENTS/SAME DIAGNOSIS (DIAGNOSTIC
RELIABILTY) – CHENIAUX ET AL: 2 psychiatrists INDEPENDENTLY diagnose 100 pa ents using the DSM + ICD
= POOR INTER-RATER RELIABILITY (1ST – 26 w/ DSM + 44 w/ ICD AND the other – 13 w/ DSM + 24 w/ ICD)
• VALIDITY: the extent to which we are MEASURING what we WANT to measure – the number of VALIDITY
ISSUES ! measured through the CRITERION VALIDITY; do di erent ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS arrive at the
SAME DIAGNOSIS – CHENIAUX ET AL: MORE likely to be diagnosed with ICD – either an OVER-DIAGNOSES
with ICD or UNDER with the DSM = LOW VALIDITY + NOT STANDARDISED
• SYMPTOM OVERLAP: SCHIZOPHRENIA + BIPOLAR DISORDER involve POSITIVE SYMPTOMS like DELUSIONS
and NEGATIVES like AVOLITION – ques ons the VALIDITY – under the ICD, the pa ents may be diagnosed
as a SCHIZOHRENIC but under the DSM may be diagnosed with BIPOLAR DISORDER
• CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: LUHRMAN ET AL: interviewed 60 adults diagnosed with SCHIZPHRENIA, 20 in
GANA, INDIA AND THE US – each were asked about the VOICES they heard. A person who claimed that he
was HOD ON EARTH would be considered DELUSIONAL in WESTERN SOCIETY but in INDIA is a spirit
medium who is the HUMAN INCARNATION of a HINDU GOD
Downloaded by olinder seth ()
Schizophrenia essay plans
A-Level Psychology (University of Oxford)
Scan to open on Studocu
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Downloaded by olinder seth ()
, lOMoARcPSD|59658805
DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE THE CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
AO1
CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• SCHZOPHRENIA: a PSYCHOTIC DISORDER involving a BREAK in REALITY which involves a disrup on of
COGNITION and EMOTION, which a ects LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, PERCEPTION and SENSE OF SELF
• 2 MANUALS : ICD 10 AND THE DSM5
• DSM-5: ONE of the POSITIVE features (delusions or hallucina on or speech disorganisa on)
• ICD-10: TWO or MORE NEGATIVE FEATURES and recognises SUBTYPES of SCHZOPHRENIA e.g. PARANOID
SCHIZOPHRENIA = powerful DELUSIONS and HALLUCINATIONS but few other + HEBEATRNIC
SCHIZOPHRENIA = DISTURBANCE of MOVEMENT, leaving the su erer IMMOBILE or OVERACTIVE
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
• HALLUCINATIONS: they SEE, HEAR, TASTE or EVEN FEEL something that ISN’T REALLY THERE – HEARING
VOICES or imagining PEOPLE/ANIMALS/DISTORDED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• DELUSIONS: IRRATIONAL BELIEFS e.g. being an important gure – beliefs that have NO BASIS in reality and
ACT in a way that makes SENSE TO THEM
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
• AVOLITION: nding it DIFFICULT to perform ACTIVITIES that are GOAL-ORIENTED e.g. poor hygiene, lack of
energy and inconsistency in work/educa on
• SPEECH POVERTY: REDUCTION in the AMOUNT and QUALITY OF SPEECH e.g. slurred speech or a delay in
the su erer’s verbal responses during a conversa on
AO3
• RELIABILITY: (CONSISTENCY) INTER-RATER RELIABLITY: the extent to which DIFFERENT ASSESSORS/TWO or
MORE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AGREE on the ASSESSMENTS/SAME DIAGNOSIS (DIAGNOSTIC
RELIABILTY) – CHENIAUX ET AL: 2 psychiatrists INDEPENDENTLY diagnose 100 pa ents using the DSM + ICD
= POOR INTER-RATER RELIABILITY (1ST – 26 w/ DSM + 44 w/ ICD AND the other – 13 w/ DSM + 24 w/ ICD)
• VALIDITY: the extent to which we are MEASURING what we WANT to measure – the number of VALIDITY
ISSUES ! measured through the CRITERION VALIDITY; do di erent ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS arrive at the
SAME DIAGNOSIS – CHENIAUX ET AL: MORE likely to be diagnosed with ICD – either an OVER-DIAGNOSES
with ICD or UNDER with the DSM = LOW VALIDITY + NOT STANDARDISED
• SYMPTOM OVERLAP: SCHIZOPHRENIA + BIPOLAR DISORDER involve POSITIVE SYMPTOMS like DELUSIONS
and NEGATIVES like AVOLITION – ques ons the VALIDITY – under the ICD, the pa ents may be diagnosed
as a SCHIZOHRENIC but under the DSM may be diagnosed with BIPOLAR DISORDER
• CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: LUHRMAN ET AL: interviewed 60 adults diagnosed with SCHIZPHRENIA, 20 in
GANA, INDIA AND THE US – each were asked about the VOICES they heard. A person who claimed that he
was HOD ON EARTH would be considered DELUSIONAL in WESTERN SOCIETY but in INDIA is a spirit
medium who is the HUMAN INCARNATION of a HINDU GOD
Downloaded by olinder seth ()
