CHAMBERLAIN NR 511 MIDTERM EXAM WITH ALL
CORRECT & 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS|ACTUAL
COMPLETE EXAM|ALREADY GRADED A+
What are common causes of N/V associated with gastritis? ✔Correct Answer-Alcohol, NSAIDs,
ASA, ABX, and illicit substances
What is the most common cause of nausea and vomiting? ✔Correct Answer-Acute Gastroenteritis
(AGE)
What are some manifestations of AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, fever,
abdominal pain. May also include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, tenesmus and borborygmus.
How is the severity of AGE gauged? ✔Correct Answer-Dehydration secondary to profuse watery
diarrhea, fever greater than 101ºF (38.3ºC), vomiting, or dysentery.
What are important parts of a patient's history when AGE is suspected? ✔Correct Answer-Travel,
dining locations, ABX history..
What happens to the pH of the stomach when antacids are taken and how does this affect bacteria?
✔Correct Answer-High pH can make it easier for bacteria to survive and cause and infection.
How does motility of the GI tract affect bacteria colonization? ✔Correct Answer-Small bowel stasis
as a result of obstruction, diverticulitis, or blind loop syndrome frequently develop an overgrowth of
bacteria within the stagnant segment.
Which immunoglobulin may protect the GI tract against invading organisms? ✔Correct Answer-
IgA...may also help protect against a future attack by the same pathogen.
Onset of N/V begin within 6 hours after exposure. Is this bacterial or viral? ✔Correct Answer-
Bacterial: time frame suggests food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of a preformed toxin such
as that of Bacillus cereus.
What two indications are highly suggestive of viral AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Incubation periods
greater than 14 hours and the initial symptom of vomiting.
If a patient presents with AGE and reports bloody stools, what can be understood about the reason
for blood in the stool/ ✔Correct Answer-Mucosal damage and inflammatory process secondary to
invasive pathogens.
What do frothy stools and flatus suggest? ✔Correct Answer-Malabsorption problem.
Patients with prolonged AGE illness who are malnourished may present with edema. What is the
reason? ✔Correct Answer-Hypoalbuminemia
T or F: Chronic diarrhea usually has a noninfectious etiology. ✔Correct Answer-True
T or F: Acute diarrhea usually is caused by infectious agents or toxins ✔Correct Answer-True
,What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in adults? ✔Correct Answer-Norovirus
What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in pediatrics? ✔Correct Answer-Rotavirus.
This has been greatly reduced since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine.
T or F: Stool studies are indicated in the absence of bloody diarrhea or systemic disease ✔Correct
Answer-False
T or F: A CBC will help distinguish between viral and bacterial AGE ✔Correct Answer-False
When are stool studies warranted? ✔Correct Answer-Severe or prolonged diarrhea, a fever >
38.5ºC, bloody stools or stools that test positive for leukocytes or occult blood.
What are common pathogens involved in Traveler's Diarrhea? ✔Correct Answer-Shigella,
Campylobacter, and E. coli.
What should the clinician do if the patient develops diarrhea after initiation of completion of
antibiotic therapy? ✔Correct Answer-Test for C. diff.
What are some DDx of AGE, particularly in patients with persistent or chronic diarrhea and severe
abdominal pain? ✔Correct Answer-IBS, IBD, ischemic bowel disease, partial bowel obstruction,
small bowel diverticulosis.
What are some red flag symptoms that may indicate the need for hospitalization? ✔Correct
Answer-Hypovolemia, dehydration, abnormal electrolytes, decreased renal function, bloody
stool/rectal bleeding, weight loss, severe abdominal pain, prolonged symptoms greater than 1 week,
pregnancy, advanced age, history of hospitalization or antibiotic use in the last 3-6 months.
What is the usual course of treatment for AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Only supportive treatment is
initiated since AGE is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1 week after onset of symptoms.
How such patients with evidence of dehydration be treated initially? ✔Correct Answer-Fluid
repletion and nutrition. Sports drinks aren't as effective as specific electrolyte replenishing drinks.
At what point should a patient be referred to the hospital for dehydration? ✔Correct Answer-Signs
of hypovolemia such as hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, and poor skin turgor.
T of F: Empiric antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with severe diarrhea suspected
form traveling. ✔Correct Answer-True. Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Floxacin.
T or F: Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas is appropriate. ✔Correct
Answer-True
How effective is antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas? ✔Correct Answer-
90% effective
What does antibiotic prophylaxis treatment consist of? ✔Correct Answer-Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin,
Norfloxacin, or Floxacin given once daily until 2 days after returning home.
, What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with moderate to
severe diarrhea? ✔Correct Answer-Two-day course of Loperamide (Imodium)
What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with significant
vomiting? ✔Correct Answer-Two-day course of Zofran or Phenergan.
What is the best way to prevent AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Hand washing.
T or F: Kids can attend daycare with infectious diarrhea as long as they're separated from other
children. ✔Correct Answer-False! Not until the diarrhea has stopped.
If pain is present in the right lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-IBD, IBS, Infectious Colitis, and Constipation
If pain is present in the left lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-Diverticulitis, IBS, IBD, Constipation, and Infectious Colitis.
If pain is present in the left upper quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-Stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, and gastritis.
If pain is present in the right upper quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-Gall bladder, hepatitis, and pancreatitis.
T or F: IBS is a disorder of bowel function in the absence of an atomic abnormality. ✔Correct
Answer-True
What are common symptoms of IBS? ✔Correct Answer-Changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea
(IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), abdominal pain, bloating, rectal urgency with diarrhea.
What are some extra-intestinal (outside the intestines) symptoms of IBS? ✔Correct Answer-Sexual
dysfunction, loss of libido, dyspareunia, muscle aches and pains, fatigue, fibromyalgia, headaches,
back pain, urinary urgency, urinary hesitation, or bladder spasms.
T or F: IBS results in serious medical consequences ✔Correct Answer-False, prognosis for IBS is
excellent.
T or F: IBS is a risk factor for IBD (Crohn's and UC) and colon cancer. ✔Correct Answer-False
What are the two most common types of bowel disorders under the Inflammatory Bowel Disease
(IBD) umbrella? ✔Correct Answer-Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease
In which part of the bowel is UC most commonly manifested? ✔Correct Answer-Rectosigmoid
T or F: UC extends into the small intestine. ✔Correct Answer-False, UC is not present outside of the
colon.
T or F: Crohn's Disease can be present anywhere from mouth to anus. ✔Correct Answer-True
In Crohn's Disease there is a characteristic segmental presentation of the diseased bowel, separated
by normal areas of mucosa. What are these areas referred to as? ✔Correct Answer-Skipped lesions
CORRECT & 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS|ACTUAL
COMPLETE EXAM|ALREADY GRADED A+
What are common causes of N/V associated with gastritis? ✔Correct Answer-Alcohol, NSAIDs,
ASA, ABX, and illicit substances
What is the most common cause of nausea and vomiting? ✔Correct Answer-Acute Gastroenteritis
(AGE)
What are some manifestations of AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, fever,
abdominal pain. May also include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, tenesmus and borborygmus.
How is the severity of AGE gauged? ✔Correct Answer-Dehydration secondary to profuse watery
diarrhea, fever greater than 101ºF (38.3ºC), vomiting, or dysentery.
What are important parts of a patient's history when AGE is suspected? ✔Correct Answer-Travel,
dining locations, ABX history..
What happens to the pH of the stomach when antacids are taken and how does this affect bacteria?
✔Correct Answer-High pH can make it easier for bacteria to survive and cause and infection.
How does motility of the GI tract affect bacteria colonization? ✔Correct Answer-Small bowel stasis
as a result of obstruction, diverticulitis, or blind loop syndrome frequently develop an overgrowth of
bacteria within the stagnant segment.
Which immunoglobulin may protect the GI tract against invading organisms? ✔Correct Answer-
IgA...may also help protect against a future attack by the same pathogen.
Onset of N/V begin within 6 hours after exposure. Is this bacterial or viral? ✔Correct Answer-
Bacterial: time frame suggests food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of a preformed toxin such
as that of Bacillus cereus.
What two indications are highly suggestive of viral AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Incubation periods
greater than 14 hours and the initial symptom of vomiting.
If a patient presents with AGE and reports bloody stools, what can be understood about the reason
for blood in the stool/ ✔Correct Answer-Mucosal damage and inflammatory process secondary to
invasive pathogens.
What do frothy stools and flatus suggest? ✔Correct Answer-Malabsorption problem.
Patients with prolonged AGE illness who are malnourished may present with edema. What is the
reason? ✔Correct Answer-Hypoalbuminemia
T or F: Chronic diarrhea usually has a noninfectious etiology. ✔Correct Answer-True
T or F: Acute diarrhea usually is caused by infectious agents or toxins ✔Correct Answer-True
,What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in adults? ✔Correct Answer-Norovirus
What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in pediatrics? ✔Correct Answer-Rotavirus.
This has been greatly reduced since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine.
T or F: Stool studies are indicated in the absence of bloody diarrhea or systemic disease ✔Correct
Answer-False
T or F: A CBC will help distinguish between viral and bacterial AGE ✔Correct Answer-False
When are stool studies warranted? ✔Correct Answer-Severe or prolonged diarrhea, a fever >
38.5ºC, bloody stools or stools that test positive for leukocytes or occult blood.
What are common pathogens involved in Traveler's Diarrhea? ✔Correct Answer-Shigella,
Campylobacter, and E. coli.
What should the clinician do if the patient develops diarrhea after initiation of completion of
antibiotic therapy? ✔Correct Answer-Test for C. diff.
What are some DDx of AGE, particularly in patients with persistent or chronic diarrhea and severe
abdominal pain? ✔Correct Answer-IBS, IBD, ischemic bowel disease, partial bowel obstruction,
small bowel diverticulosis.
What are some red flag symptoms that may indicate the need for hospitalization? ✔Correct
Answer-Hypovolemia, dehydration, abnormal electrolytes, decreased renal function, bloody
stool/rectal bleeding, weight loss, severe abdominal pain, prolonged symptoms greater than 1 week,
pregnancy, advanced age, history of hospitalization or antibiotic use in the last 3-6 months.
What is the usual course of treatment for AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Only supportive treatment is
initiated since AGE is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1 week after onset of symptoms.
How such patients with evidence of dehydration be treated initially? ✔Correct Answer-Fluid
repletion and nutrition. Sports drinks aren't as effective as specific electrolyte replenishing drinks.
At what point should a patient be referred to the hospital for dehydration? ✔Correct Answer-Signs
of hypovolemia such as hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, and poor skin turgor.
T of F: Empiric antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with severe diarrhea suspected
form traveling. ✔Correct Answer-True. Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Floxacin.
T or F: Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas is appropriate. ✔Correct
Answer-True
How effective is antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas? ✔Correct Answer-
90% effective
What does antibiotic prophylaxis treatment consist of? ✔Correct Answer-Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin,
Norfloxacin, or Floxacin given once daily until 2 days after returning home.
, What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with moderate to
severe diarrhea? ✔Correct Answer-Two-day course of Loperamide (Imodium)
What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with significant
vomiting? ✔Correct Answer-Two-day course of Zofran or Phenergan.
What is the best way to prevent AGE? ✔Correct Answer-Hand washing.
T or F: Kids can attend daycare with infectious diarrhea as long as they're separated from other
children. ✔Correct Answer-False! Not until the diarrhea has stopped.
If pain is present in the right lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-IBD, IBS, Infectious Colitis, and Constipation
If pain is present in the left lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-Diverticulitis, IBS, IBD, Constipation, and Infectious Colitis.
If pain is present in the left upper quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-Stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, and gastritis.
If pain is present in the right upper quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel disorders?
✔Correct Answer-Gall bladder, hepatitis, and pancreatitis.
T or F: IBS is a disorder of bowel function in the absence of an atomic abnormality. ✔Correct
Answer-True
What are common symptoms of IBS? ✔Correct Answer-Changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea
(IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), abdominal pain, bloating, rectal urgency with diarrhea.
What are some extra-intestinal (outside the intestines) symptoms of IBS? ✔Correct Answer-Sexual
dysfunction, loss of libido, dyspareunia, muscle aches and pains, fatigue, fibromyalgia, headaches,
back pain, urinary urgency, urinary hesitation, or bladder spasms.
T or F: IBS results in serious medical consequences ✔Correct Answer-False, prognosis for IBS is
excellent.
T or F: IBS is a risk factor for IBD (Crohn's and UC) and colon cancer. ✔Correct Answer-False
What are the two most common types of bowel disorders under the Inflammatory Bowel Disease
(IBD) umbrella? ✔Correct Answer-Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease
In which part of the bowel is UC most commonly manifested? ✔Correct Answer-Rectosigmoid
T or F: UC extends into the small intestine. ✔Correct Answer-False, UC is not present outside of the
colon.
T or F: Crohn's Disease can be present anywhere from mouth to anus. ✔Correct Answer-True
In Crohn's Disease there is a characteristic segmental presentation of the diseased bowel, separated
by normal areas of mucosa. What are these areas referred to as? ✔Correct Answer-Skipped lesions
