GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
1. Periodic Law Answer States that when the elements are arranged by increasing
atomic number, there is periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties.
2. Group: A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a family.
Elements in the same group tend to be chemically similar (hydrogen is an exception).
Ex: Which of the following elements is the most
chemically similar to Na? A) H
B) Mg
C) C
D)Cs
Answer: Cs
3.Period Answer A horizontal row of elements in the modern periodic table.
4.Representative Elements Answer Groups of elements in the modern periodic table that
are designated with an A (1A through 8A) and possess a wide range of chemical and
physical properties. Form noble gas configurations when they make ions.
5.Transition Elements Answer Groups of elements in the modern periodic table that are
designated with a B (1B through 8B) and are further divided into transition metals and
inner transition metals.
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
6.Alkali Metal Answer Group 1A elements, except hydrogen, that are on the left side of
the modern periodic table.
Think: alkali comes first in the alphabet and is the first group
(compared to alkaline).
7. Alkaline Earth Metal Answer Group 2A elements in the modern
periodic table.
Think: alkali comes first in the alphabet and is the first group (compared to alkaline).
8. Metal Answer An element that is a solid at room temperature, a good conductor of
heat and electricity, malleable and generally shiny. On the left side of the periodic table.
9. Metalloid Answer An element that has physical and chemical properties of both metals
and nonmetals. Run horizontally through the p-block between the metals and
nonmetals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At
10. Nonmetal Answer Elements that are generally gases or dull, brittle solids that are
poor conductors of heat and electricity. On the right side of the periodic table (except
H).
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
11. Transition Metal Answer A type of group B element that is contained in the d-block
of the periodic table. Loses electrons from its s subshell first (higher energy), then from
the d subshell. When they make ions, they try to 'even out' their d orbitals, so each
orbital has the same number of electrons.
12. Inner Transition Metal Answer A type of group B element that is contained in the f
block of the periodic table. Called lanthanides and actinides.
13. Halogen Answer A highly reactive group 7A element: F, Cl, Br, I.
14. Noble Gas Answer An extremely unreactive group 8A element. Sometimes called
"inert gases".
15. Ion Answer An atom or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative net
charge.
16. Anion Answer Negative ion; mostly formed by nonmetal elements. Significantly
larger than their neutral atom counterparts b/c they gain electrons -> increase number
of subshells.
17. Cation Answer Positive ion; formed by metallic elements. Significantly smaller than
their neutral atom counterparts b/c they lose electrons -> decrease number of
subshells.
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
Think: the 't' in cation looks like a '+' sign.
18. Avogadro's Number Answer 6.022x10^23
The number of molecules/atoms in one mole of a particular compound/element.
Defined by 12-Carbon --> the number of C atoms in 12g of 12-C.
6.022x10^23 amu = 1 gram
Atomic weights from periodic table can be read in units of amu or g/mol.
19. Effective Nuclear Charge, Z(eff) Answer Deviation from the entire nuclear charge (Z)
that an electron feels from the nucleus due to "shielding" from other electrons, typically
in lower subshells. Electrons added to a new subshell experience much greater shielding
than electrons added to an existing subshell (different distance from nucleus).
PT: increases left -> right and top -> bottom
1. Periodic Law Answer States that when the elements are arranged by increasing
atomic number, there is periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties.
2. Group: A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a family.
Elements in the same group tend to be chemically similar (hydrogen is an exception).
Ex: Which of the following elements is the most
chemically similar to Na? A) H
B) Mg
C) C
D)Cs
Answer: Cs
3.Period Answer A horizontal row of elements in the modern periodic table.
4.Representative Elements Answer Groups of elements in the modern periodic table that
are designated with an A (1A through 8A) and possess a wide range of chemical and
physical properties. Form noble gas configurations when they make ions.
5.Transition Elements Answer Groups of elements in the modern periodic table that are
designated with a B (1B through 8B) and are further divided into transition metals and
inner transition metals.
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
6.Alkali Metal Answer Group 1A elements, except hydrogen, that are on the left side of
the modern periodic table.
Think: alkali comes first in the alphabet and is the first group
(compared to alkaline).
7. Alkaline Earth Metal Answer Group 2A elements in the modern
periodic table.
Think: alkali comes first in the alphabet and is the first group (compared to alkaline).
8. Metal Answer An element that is a solid at room temperature, a good conductor of
heat and electricity, malleable and generally shiny. On the left side of the periodic table.
9. Metalloid Answer An element that has physical and chemical properties of both metals
and nonmetals. Run horizontally through the p-block between the metals and
nonmetals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At
10. Nonmetal Answer Elements that are generally gases or dull, brittle solids that are
poor conductors of heat and electricity. On the right side of the periodic table (except
H).
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
11. Transition Metal Answer A type of group B element that is contained in the d-block
of the periodic table. Loses electrons from its s subshell first (higher energy), then from
the d subshell. When they make ions, they try to 'even out' their d orbitals, so each
orbital has the same number of electrons.
12. Inner Transition Metal Answer A type of group B element that is contained in the f
block of the periodic table. Called lanthanides and actinides.
13. Halogen Answer A highly reactive group 7A element: F, Cl, Br, I.
14. Noble Gas Answer An extremely unreactive group 8A element. Sometimes called
"inert gases".
15. Ion Answer An atom or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative net
charge.
16. Anion Answer Negative ion; mostly formed by nonmetal elements. Significantly
larger than their neutral atom counterparts b/c they gain electrons -> increase number
of subshells.
17. Cation Answer Positive ion; formed by metallic elements. Significantly smaller than
their neutral atom counterparts b/c they lose electrons -> decrease number of
subshells.
, GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXAM REVIEW AND STUDY GUIDE
Think: the 't' in cation looks like a '+' sign.
18. Avogadro's Number Answer 6.022x10^23
The number of molecules/atoms in one mole of a particular compound/element.
Defined by 12-Carbon --> the number of C atoms in 12g of 12-C.
6.022x10^23 amu = 1 gram
Atomic weights from periodic table can be read in units of amu or g/mol.
19. Effective Nuclear Charge, Z(eff) Answer Deviation from the entire nuclear charge (Z)
that an electron feels from the nucleus due to "shielding" from other electrons, typically
in lower subshells. Electrons added to a new subshell experience much greater shielding
than electrons added to an existing subshell (different distance from nucleus).
PT: increases left -> right and top -> bottom
