Bio 200 Exam 2 (Lectures 11-24)
Questions with Complete Answers
the new tree - ANSWER-highlights major split between 2 main groups of life-bacteria
and archaea, eukaryotes as major representation of multicellularity and size.
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya are monophyletic.
LUCA (last universal common ancestor) - ANSWER-only on the tree of life- traits
shared by all forms evolved here at this organism (before LUCA)
Traits shared by all life forms - ANSWER-plasma membrane bound cells, ribosomes,
semiconservative DNA replication, similar genetic codes for proteins,
transcription/translation, metabolic pathways
Key traits common to bacteria and archaea - ANSWER-prokaryotes: unicellular,
binary fission, unenclosed DNA, circular chromosomes, no organelles, asexual, lack
of gene exchange
defining traits of eukaryotes - ANSWER-multicellular, compartmentalized, mostly
sexual
How is the new eukaryotic tree different from older views? - ANSWER-eukaryotes
branch off archaea, 2 domain model
corona virus, tobacco mosaic virus, adenovirus, influenza - ANSWER-common
examples of viruses
why do we only spend one day covering 2/3 of the tree of life? - ANSWER-current
evidence has us knowing between 1-10% of extant prokaryotes. There are LOTS of
organisms we don't know about and more are being found every day. new
discovered species change our thoughts on existing organisms.
unicellularity - ANSWER-Prokaryotes: typically unicellular
Eukaryotes : uni or multi-ceullular
internal structure - ANSWER-Prokaryotes: no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles , highly compartmentalized
chromosomes - ANSWER-prokaryotes: singular, circular DNA chromosome
eukaryotes: double membrane bound nucleus with multiple linear chromosomes
cell division: - ANSWER-prokaryotes: binary fission
Eukaryotes: mitosis
,gene transfer - ANSWER-prokaryotes: lateral gene transfer
Eukaryotes: recombination
cell wall - ANSWER-Prokaryotes: ubiquitous (peptidoglycan or pseudomurein)
eukaryotes: in some organisms (usually plants) no peptidoglycan
flagella - ANSWER-prokaryotes: simple, single fiber
Eukaryotes: very complex, 9+2 structure
size - ANSWER-prokaryotes:typically small
eukaryotes: typically larger
colonial growth - ANSWER-you can see colonies of bacteria in the petri dish
filamentous growth - ANSWER-long strands of cells
nucleoid - ANSWER-contains singular circular DNA chromosome in prokaryotes
binary fission - ANSWER-asexual method of cell replication: cell splitting in half
bacterial generation time - ANSWER-very fast, binary fission (E. Coli) OR can take
up to hours/days...there is lots of variability and diversity in terms of generation time
lateral gene transfer - ANSWER-movement of DNA from one species to another
(moves horizontally through time instead of vertically)
web of life - ANSWER-phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of
horizontal gene transfer on evolution: Bacteria and archaea should be on this due to
their lateral gene transfer--> this is one way genetic variation can be introduced
peptidoglycan - ANSWER-polymer of sugars and amino acids: in bacteria, accounts
for stiffness of cell wall,
pseudomurein - ANSWER-a substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the
cell wall of archaea
Gram (-) bacteria - ANSWER-dont retain stain and turn pink/red: stain wont stick due
to thin layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall
Gram (+) bacteria - ANSWER-retain gram stain and turn blue or purple: gram stain
binds to peptidoglycan on outside of cell wall
ALL ARCHAEANS ARE GRAM (-) BECAUSE THEY DONT HAVE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN - ANSWER-
pre DNA bacterial classification - ANSWER-shape, metabolism, Gram +/-, mobile or
immobile, colony forming or filamentous
shapes - ANSWER-coccus: spheres, bacillus: rods, spirillum: spirals
,metabolism - ANSWER-how an organism obtains nutrients
metabolism types - ANSWER-facultative, obligate, aurotolerant, photoautotrophs,
photoheterotrophs, chemo autotrophs, chemo heterotrophs
obligate aerobes - ANSWER-must have O2 to survive
aerotolerant anaerobes - ANSWER-tolerate O2 but dont use it
obligate anaerobes - ANSWER-CANNOT tolerate O2
facultative anaerobes - ANSWER-can move between aerobic and anaerobic
environments
Autotrophic - ANSWER-make their own food
Heterotroph - ANSWER-An organism that cannot make its own food.
Photoautotrophs - ANSWER-use chlorophyll to get light energy. Use water as
electron donor to hold energy and break down CO2 to get carbon , release O2 as
birpoduct
chemoautotrophs - ANSWER-get energy from breaking bonds of inorganic
chemicals. Break down CO2 and live near vents on sea floor
photoheterotrophs - ANSWER-gain energy from light, use bacterial chlorophyll and
hydrogen sulfide as electron donor. not autotrophic, get carbon from other
organisms, biproduct element is sulfur,
Chemoheterotrophs - ANSWER-obtain energy and carbon from other organisms
ALL ARCHAEANS ARE GRAM (-) BECAUSE THEY DONT HAVE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN - ANSWER-
you can make tick marks on a phylogeny - ANSWER-
Hadobacteria - ANSWER-earliest branching groups of bacteria, from Hadeon eon
hyperthermic bacteria - ANSWER-another early branching group, thrive in volcanic
vents and hotsprings
firmicutes - ANSWER-typically gram +, can from endospores, some have lost their
cell walls
actinobacteria - ANSWER-gram +, filamentous, many make antibiotics
cyanobacteria - ANSWER-all gram (-), blue green bacteria. carry out same complex
photosynthesis as in eukaryotic plants. Plant chloroplasts derived from this. Very
abundant species of bacteria, can live singularly, in colonies, or filamentously
, spirochetes - ANSWER-gram -, spirals, mobile heterotrophic, common pathogens,
have axial filaments for mobility.
chlamydias - ANSWER-all gram -, among smallest cells of any living things, obligate
parasites of other organisms, complicated life cycle
proteobacteria - ANSWER-largest and most diverse group of bacteria, contain all 4
varieties of metabolism, all gram -
Metagenomics (environmental genomics) - ANSWER-the study of genetic material
recovered directly from environmental samples
Lokiarchaeota - ANSWER-sister taxa to eukaryotes and contain many genes related
to cell membrane functioning
Crenarchaeota - ANSWER-love extreme environments, thermophilic/heat loving,
cold or acidic environments. all maintain an internal PH of 5.5-7. thought to be big
contributors to carbon fixation
Extremopiles (thermophilic, cryophilic, halophilic) - ANSWER-thermophilic-love heat,
cryophilic- love cold, halophilic- love acid
euryarchaeota - ANSWER-contain methanogens, halophiles, and extreme
thermophiles. Halophiles love high saline environments.
methanogens - ANSWER-methane producing bacteria often found in animal
intestines
Thermotoga maritima - ANSWER-20% of genes are archaean in origin, can survive
at very high temps
Baccilus anthracis - ANSWER-firmicute- bacteria that leads to anthrax, endospores
have been known to return from dormancy after millions of years
botulism - ANSWER-firmicutes & most toxic substance to humans that have ever
been found.
Deinococcus radiodurans - ANSWER-hadobacteria that are resistant to radiation and
can consume nuclear waste
Mycoplasma - ANSWER-gram - firmicutes that lost cell wall
Tuberculosis - ANSWER-actinobacteria
actinomyces - ANSWER-genus of actino bacteria, cause disease in humans,
responsible for breakdown in organic soil
syphilis and lyme disease are caused by spirochetes - ANSWER-
E. coli and salmonella are proteobacteria - ANSWER-
Questions with Complete Answers
the new tree - ANSWER-highlights major split between 2 main groups of life-bacteria
and archaea, eukaryotes as major representation of multicellularity and size.
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya are monophyletic.
LUCA (last universal common ancestor) - ANSWER-only on the tree of life- traits
shared by all forms evolved here at this organism (before LUCA)
Traits shared by all life forms - ANSWER-plasma membrane bound cells, ribosomes,
semiconservative DNA replication, similar genetic codes for proteins,
transcription/translation, metabolic pathways
Key traits common to bacteria and archaea - ANSWER-prokaryotes: unicellular,
binary fission, unenclosed DNA, circular chromosomes, no organelles, asexual, lack
of gene exchange
defining traits of eukaryotes - ANSWER-multicellular, compartmentalized, mostly
sexual
How is the new eukaryotic tree different from older views? - ANSWER-eukaryotes
branch off archaea, 2 domain model
corona virus, tobacco mosaic virus, adenovirus, influenza - ANSWER-common
examples of viruses
why do we only spend one day covering 2/3 of the tree of life? - ANSWER-current
evidence has us knowing between 1-10% of extant prokaryotes. There are LOTS of
organisms we don't know about and more are being found every day. new
discovered species change our thoughts on existing organisms.
unicellularity - ANSWER-Prokaryotes: typically unicellular
Eukaryotes : uni or multi-ceullular
internal structure - ANSWER-Prokaryotes: no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles , highly compartmentalized
chromosomes - ANSWER-prokaryotes: singular, circular DNA chromosome
eukaryotes: double membrane bound nucleus with multiple linear chromosomes
cell division: - ANSWER-prokaryotes: binary fission
Eukaryotes: mitosis
,gene transfer - ANSWER-prokaryotes: lateral gene transfer
Eukaryotes: recombination
cell wall - ANSWER-Prokaryotes: ubiquitous (peptidoglycan or pseudomurein)
eukaryotes: in some organisms (usually plants) no peptidoglycan
flagella - ANSWER-prokaryotes: simple, single fiber
Eukaryotes: very complex, 9+2 structure
size - ANSWER-prokaryotes:typically small
eukaryotes: typically larger
colonial growth - ANSWER-you can see colonies of bacteria in the petri dish
filamentous growth - ANSWER-long strands of cells
nucleoid - ANSWER-contains singular circular DNA chromosome in prokaryotes
binary fission - ANSWER-asexual method of cell replication: cell splitting in half
bacterial generation time - ANSWER-very fast, binary fission (E. Coli) OR can take
up to hours/days...there is lots of variability and diversity in terms of generation time
lateral gene transfer - ANSWER-movement of DNA from one species to another
(moves horizontally through time instead of vertically)
web of life - ANSWER-phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of
horizontal gene transfer on evolution: Bacteria and archaea should be on this due to
their lateral gene transfer--> this is one way genetic variation can be introduced
peptidoglycan - ANSWER-polymer of sugars and amino acids: in bacteria, accounts
for stiffness of cell wall,
pseudomurein - ANSWER-a substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the
cell wall of archaea
Gram (-) bacteria - ANSWER-dont retain stain and turn pink/red: stain wont stick due
to thin layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall
Gram (+) bacteria - ANSWER-retain gram stain and turn blue or purple: gram stain
binds to peptidoglycan on outside of cell wall
ALL ARCHAEANS ARE GRAM (-) BECAUSE THEY DONT HAVE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN - ANSWER-
pre DNA bacterial classification - ANSWER-shape, metabolism, Gram +/-, mobile or
immobile, colony forming or filamentous
shapes - ANSWER-coccus: spheres, bacillus: rods, spirillum: spirals
,metabolism - ANSWER-how an organism obtains nutrients
metabolism types - ANSWER-facultative, obligate, aurotolerant, photoautotrophs,
photoheterotrophs, chemo autotrophs, chemo heterotrophs
obligate aerobes - ANSWER-must have O2 to survive
aerotolerant anaerobes - ANSWER-tolerate O2 but dont use it
obligate anaerobes - ANSWER-CANNOT tolerate O2
facultative anaerobes - ANSWER-can move between aerobic and anaerobic
environments
Autotrophic - ANSWER-make their own food
Heterotroph - ANSWER-An organism that cannot make its own food.
Photoautotrophs - ANSWER-use chlorophyll to get light energy. Use water as
electron donor to hold energy and break down CO2 to get carbon , release O2 as
birpoduct
chemoautotrophs - ANSWER-get energy from breaking bonds of inorganic
chemicals. Break down CO2 and live near vents on sea floor
photoheterotrophs - ANSWER-gain energy from light, use bacterial chlorophyll and
hydrogen sulfide as electron donor. not autotrophic, get carbon from other
organisms, biproduct element is sulfur,
Chemoheterotrophs - ANSWER-obtain energy and carbon from other organisms
ALL ARCHAEANS ARE GRAM (-) BECAUSE THEY DONT HAVE
PEPTIDOGLYCAN - ANSWER-
you can make tick marks on a phylogeny - ANSWER-
Hadobacteria - ANSWER-earliest branching groups of bacteria, from Hadeon eon
hyperthermic bacteria - ANSWER-another early branching group, thrive in volcanic
vents and hotsprings
firmicutes - ANSWER-typically gram +, can from endospores, some have lost their
cell walls
actinobacteria - ANSWER-gram +, filamentous, many make antibiotics
cyanobacteria - ANSWER-all gram (-), blue green bacteria. carry out same complex
photosynthesis as in eukaryotic plants. Plant chloroplasts derived from this. Very
abundant species of bacteria, can live singularly, in colonies, or filamentously
, spirochetes - ANSWER-gram -, spirals, mobile heterotrophic, common pathogens,
have axial filaments for mobility.
chlamydias - ANSWER-all gram -, among smallest cells of any living things, obligate
parasites of other organisms, complicated life cycle
proteobacteria - ANSWER-largest and most diverse group of bacteria, contain all 4
varieties of metabolism, all gram -
Metagenomics (environmental genomics) - ANSWER-the study of genetic material
recovered directly from environmental samples
Lokiarchaeota - ANSWER-sister taxa to eukaryotes and contain many genes related
to cell membrane functioning
Crenarchaeota - ANSWER-love extreme environments, thermophilic/heat loving,
cold or acidic environments. all maintain an internal PH of 5.5-7. thought to be big
contributors to carbon fixation
Extremopiles (thermophilic, cryophilic, halophilic) - ANSWER-thermophilic-love heat,
cryophilic- love cold, halophilic- love acid
euryarchaeota - ANSWER-contain methanogens, halophiles, and extreme
thermophiles. Halophiles love high saline environments.
methanogens - ANSWER-methane producing bacteria often found in animal
intestines
Thermotoga maritima - ANSWER-20% of genes are archaean in origin, can survive
at very high temps
Baccilus anthracis - ANSWER-firmicute- bacteria that leads to anthrax, endospores
have been known to return from dormancy after millions of years
botulism - ANSWER-firmicutes & most toxic substance to humans that have ever
been found.
Deinococcus radiodurans - ANSWER-hadobacteria that are resistant to radiation and
can consume nuclear waste
Mycoplasma - ANSWER-gram - firmicutes that lost cell wall
Tuberculosis - ANSWER-actinobacteria
actinomyces - ANSWER-genus of actino bacteria, cause disease in humans,
responsible for breakdown in organic soil
syphilis and lyme disease are caused by spirochetes - ANSWER-
E. coli and salmonella are proteobacteria - ANSWER-
