BIO 200 Exam 2 Questions with
Complete Answers
RNA Retroviruses - ANSWER-regenerate themselves by reverse transcription; when
it enters the nucleus of the host, viral reverse transcriptase produces complementary
DNA (cDNA) from the viral RNA genome then replicates that single stranded cDNA
to produce double-stranded DNA. Only known to infect vertebrates. EX: HIV
Proviruses - ANSWER-integrated retroviral DNA
Double Stranded RNA Viruses - ANSWER-evolved repeatedly from single stranded
RNA ancestors or perhaps vice versa. Infect through the tree of life.
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-2/3's of the domains of the tree of life
-oldest and simplest life forms
Aerobes - ANSWER-Need oxygen
Anaerobes - ANSWER-poisoned by oxygen
Autotrophs - ANSWER-Self feeders
Heterotrophs - ANSWER-other feeders that feed off of other organisms; obtain both
energy and carbon from other organisms: decomposers and the pathogens
Photoautotrophs - ANSWER-critical to the change of atmosphere on earth
Chemoautotrophs - ANSWER-break the bonds and capture the energy stored in
these chemicals found at the sea floor near hot vents
Heat lovers - ANSWER-Hyperthermophilic bacteria and hadobacteria
Cyanobacteria - ANSWER--Critical photoautotrophs
-Blue and green bacteria
-Carry out the same photosynthesis are eukaryotes
-Plants are derived from cyanobacteria
-Gram negative
-release oxygen into the atmosphere. May live free as single cells or associate in
multicellular colonies.
Spirochetes - ANSWER--have axial filaments and are common pathogens
-muti-heterotrophs
-Rotate inside the spiral
,Chlamydia's - ANSWER--very small, parasitic and cocci
-small
-gram negative
-cannot live independently
-known as a STD
Proteobacteria - ANSWER--Have very diverse metabolic pathways
-most diverse
-know as purple bacteria
-variability of metabolism
Gram Positive Bacteria - ANSWER-have a uniformly dense cell wall consisting
primarily of peptidoglycan.
Gram Negative Bacteria - ANSWER-have a very thin peptidoglycan layer and an
outer membrane
Peptidoglycan - ANSWER-cross-linked polymer of amino sugars that produces a
firm, protective, mesh like structure around the cell
Gram Stain - ANSWER-technique used to separate most types of bacteria into 2
distinct groups
events that led to the origin of the eukaryotic cell - ANSWER--Flexible cell surface
-Cytoskeleton
-Nuclear envelope
-Digestive Vacuoles
-Endosymbiosis
loss of cell wall - ANSWER--Allowed / Increased a larger surface area
-Allowing new structures to be created
-critical to development of eukaryotic cell
Endosymbiosis - ANSWER-Defined as living together in a close formation over time
How are these protists paraphyletic? - ANSWER--Unified having organelles; very
diverse
-This group represents and is descriptive in a world of transition
-shows that they are not monophyletic
Protist Traits - ANSWER--Locomotion: move using flagella or have cilia (create water
currents) or pseudopodia (rolling)
-Cell Surfaces: only surrounded by plasma membrane but may have extra material
on the membrane
-Nutrition: any kind of metabolism except chemotrophy; some became able to
photosynthesize through endosymbiosis
-Reproductive: sexual and asexual protist
Development of Multicellularity - ANSWER--Might show us this because single
eukaryotes cells become a colony
, -Adapting different jobs and functions
-Possibly leads to diversity
Alveolates - ANSWER--monophyletic group of single celled structures that have
alveoli
-Apicomplexa
-Dinoflagellates
-Ciliates
Ciliates - ANSWER-characterized by movement. They are heterotrophic and
unicellular
Dinoflagellates - ANSWER-unicellular marine organelles that can photosynthesize 2
flagella within 2 grooves on their surfaces. Cause red tides which is the product of
released toxins that kill marine life
Apicomplexa - ANSWER-score forming parasites that have the apical complex that
allows them to invade their hosts (causes malaria)
Stramenopiles - ANSWER-diverse group: unified by fine hairs that grow from the
flagella. Some only relate through molecular evidence. Includes Brown algaes,
Diatoms and Oomycetes
Brown algaes - ANSWER-multicellular, photosynthetic; kelp that grows in shallow
waters
Diatoms - ANSWER--photosynthetic, unicellular, unique duple shell of silica
-Asexual reproduction
-don't have flagellums except for male gametes
Oomycetes - ANSWER-(water molds in downy mildews): that molds and uses
external digestion; none are fungi; non motile: excrete by digestive enzymes; harmful
decomposers.
Rhizarians - ANSWER-(ex: Foraminiferans): unicellular and aquatic; marine protists;
fossilize easily
Excavates - ANSWER--diverse; some don't have mitochondria
-Diplomonads and Parabasalids
-Euglenids
Euglenids - ANSWER-unicellular organisms with mitochondria: reproduce through
binary fission. Can be heterotrophs or photoautotrophs.
Diplomonads and Parabasalids - ANSWER-lack mitochondria; loss is a derived trait
and ancestors probably had it. Common source of diarrhea
Amoebozans - ANSWER--contain amoebas and the slime molds; moving masses of
slime
-Loboseans
Complete Answers
RNA Retroviruses - ANSWER-regenerate themselves by reverse transcription; when
it enters the nucleus of the host, viral reverse transcriptase produces complementary
DNA (cDNA) from the viral RNA genome then replicates that single stranded cDNA
to produce double-stranded DNA. Only known to infect vertebrates. EX: HIV
Proviruses - ANSWER-integrated retroviral DNA
Double Stranded RNA Viruses - ANSWER-evolved repeatedly from single stranded
RNA ancestors or perhaps vice versa. Infect through the tree of life.
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-2/3's of the domains of the tree of life
-oldest and simplest life forms
Aerobes - ANSWER-Need oxygen
Anaerobes - ANSWER-poisoned by oxygen
Autotrophs - ANSWER-Self feeders
Heterotrophs - ANSWER-other feeders that feed off of other organisms; obtain both
energy and carbon from other organisms: decomposers and the pathogens
Photoautotrophs - ANSWER-critical to the change of atmosphere on earth
Chemoautotrophs - ANSWER-break the bonds and capture the energy stored in
these chemicals found at the sea floor near hot vents
Heat lovers - ANSWER-Hyperthermophilic bacteria and hadobacteria
Cyanobacteria - ANSWER--Critical photoautotrophs
-Blue and green bacteria
-Carry out the same photosynthesis are eukaryotes
-Plants are derived from cyanobacteria
-Gram negative
-release oxygen into the atmosphere. May live free as single cells or associate in
multicellular colonies.
Spirochetes - ANSWER--have axial filaments and are common pathogens
-muti-heterotrophs
-Rotate inside the spiral
,Chlamydia's - ANSWER--very small, parasitic and cocci
-small
-gram negative
-cannot live independently
-known as a STD
Proteobacteria - ANSWER--Have very diverse metabolic pathways
-most diverse
-know as purple bacteria
-variability of metabolism
Gram Positive Bacteria - ANSWER-have a uniformly dense cell wall consisting
primarily of peptidoglycan.
Gram Negative Bacteria - ANSWER-have a very thin peptidoglycan layer and an
outer membrane
Peptidoglycan - ANSWER-cross-linked polymer of amino sugars that produces a
firm, protective, mesh like structure around the cell
Gram Stain - ANSWER-technique used to separate most types of bacteria into 2
distinct groups
events that led to the origin of the eukaryotic cell - ANSWER--Flexible cell surface
-Cytoskeleton
-Nuclear envelope
-Digestive Vacuoles
-Endosymbiosis
loss of cell wall - ANSWER--Allowed / Increased a larger surface area
-Allowing new structures to be created
-critical to development of eukaryotic cell
Endosymbiosis - ANSWER-Defined as living together in a close formation over time
How are these protists paraphyletic? - ANSWER--Unified having organelles; very
diverse
-This group represents and is descriptive in a world of transition
-shows that they are not monophyletic
Protist Traits - ANSWER--Locomotion: move using flagella or have cilia (create water
currents) or pseudopodia (rolling)
-Cell Surfaces: only surrounded by plasma membrane but may have extra material
on the membrane
-Nutrition: any kind of metabolism except chemotrophy; some became able to
photosynthesize through endosymbiosis
-Reproductive: sexual and asexual protist
Development of Multicellularity - ANSWER--Might show us this because single
eukaryotes cells become a colony
, -Adapting different jobs and functions
-Possibly leads to diversity
Alveolates - ANSWER--monophyletic group of single celled structures that have
alveoli
-Apicomplexa
-Dinoflagellates
-Ciliates
Ciliates - ANSWER-characterized by movement. They are heterotrophic and
unicellular
Dinoflagellates - ANSWER-unicellular marine organelles that can photosynthesize 2
flagella within 2 grooves on their surfaces. Cause red tides which is the product of
released toxins that kill marine life
Apicomplexa - ANSWER-score forming parasites that have the apical complex that
allows them to invade their hosts (causes malaria)
Stramenopiles - ANSWER-diverse group: unified by fine hairs that grow from the
flagella. Some only relate through molecular evidence. Includes Brown algaes,
Diatoms and Oomycetes
Brown algaes - ANSWER-multicellular, photosynthetic; kelp that grows in shallow
waters
Diatoms - ANSWER--photosynthetic, unicellular, unique duple shell of silica
-Asexual reproduction
-don't have flagellums except for male gametes
Oomycetes - ANSWER-(water molds in downy mildews): that molds and uses
external digestion; none are fungi; non motile: excrete by digestive enzymes; harmful
decomposers.
Rhizarians - ANSWER-(ex: Foraminiferans): unicellular and aquatic; marine protists;
fossilize easily
Excavates - ANSWER--diverse; some don't have mitochondria
-Diplomonads and Parabasalids
-Euglenids
Euglenids - ANSWER-unicellular organisms with mitochondria: reproduce through
binary fission. Can be heterotrophs or photoautotrophs.
Diplomonads and Parabasalids - ANSWER-lack mitochondria; loss is a derived trait
and ancestors probably had it. Common source of diarrhea
Amoebozans - ANSWER--contain amoebas and the slime molds; moving masses of
slime
-Loboseans
