BIO 200 Final Exam Review Questions
and Answers
What type(s) of covalent bond(s) stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins? -
ANSWER-disulfide bridges
What type(s) of non-covalent interaction(s) stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins?
- ANSWER-ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions
What two ways do catalysts help with reactions? - ANSWER-they orientate
molecules precisely, they reduce the activation energy
Which of the following is the best definition of a "transition state" intermediate? -
ANSWER-it is an unstable (high energy) "mash up" of reactants
We say that ATP hydrolysis (its breakdown) is "coupled" to drive endergonic
reactions. This means... - ANSWER-A part of ATP must form a chemical bond with
another reactant molecule
What is the job of a ribosome? - ANSWER-it catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide
using an mRNA template
What is a "point mutation"? - ANSWER-a single base pair change
What sequence indicates the "beginning" (initiation) of the transcription process? -
ANSWER-the promoter
What is the role of sigma in bacteria? - ANSWER-it binds the promoter sequence of
a gene
What is the "+1" site of a gene? - ANSWER-it is the nucleotide where the first
ribonucleoside triphosphate base pairs with the DNA template strand
What type of bonds hold the growing RNA strand to the DNA template strand? -
ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following are TRUE? - ANSWER-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a
substrate of RNA polymerase, the first ribonucleotide that hydrogen bonds to the
template strand will be at the 5' end of the completed RNA molecule.
How is a phospholipid considered "amphipathic"? - ANSWER-it has a hydrophobic
end and a hydrophilic end
, Which of the following can affect membrane fluidity and permeability? - ANSWER-
having saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid tails, the presence of cholesterol,
temperature
When solutes can move freely across a lipid bilayer, with a net movement down their
concentration gradient, it is called - ANSWER-diffusion
Lipid bilayers are permeable to water. When water diffuses, it is called... - ANSWER-
osmosis
An ion channel in the membrane provides a path across that membrane. If ions flow
through the channel it is called... - ANSWER-facilitated diffusion
During which part(s) of respiration is CO2 a product? - ANSWER-Citric Acid Cycle
(we call it the "Krebs Cycle") , Pyruvate Processing (we call it the "Linking Step")
During which part(s) of respiration are electron carriers (like NAD++ and FAD)
reduced? - ANSWER-Citric Acid Cycle (we call it the "Krebs Cycle") , Pyruvate
Processing (we call it the "Linking Step") , glycolysis
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) occur in eukaryotes? - ANSWER-In
the mitochondrial matrix
How many CO2 molecules are made per molecule of glucose during respiration? -
ANSWER-6
At each step of the Krebs cycle in which a carbon is oxidized, what molecule is
reduced? - ANSWER-an electron carrier (like NAD+ or FAD)
How is ATP made during the Krebs cycle? - ANSWER-substrate-level
phosphorylation
Does the CO2 made during the linking step/Krebs Cycle need a channel to get out of
the cell? - ANSWER-nah brah
As electrons are transferred from one component of the ETC to the next, their G
decreases (they lose energy). Some of this energy is lost as heat, but much of it is
used to do "work". What is that work? - ANSWER-protons are moved across the
membrane against their chemical gradient
What happens to electrons at the very end of the ETC? - ANSWER-they bind to
molecular oxygen in a reaction that produces water.
Where is ATP synthase located in a eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER-In the inner
mitochondrial membrane
Where does the energy come from that provides the force that ATP synthase needs
to "squish" ADP and Pi together (to make ATP)? - ANSWER-from the flow of protons
"down" a chemical gradient
and Answers
What type(s) of covalent bond(s) stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins? -
ANSWER-disulfide bridges
What type(s) of non-covalent interaction(s) stabilize the tertiary structure of proteins?
- ANSWER-ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions
What two ways do catalysts help with reactions? - ANSWER-they orientate
molecules precisely, they reduce the activation energy
Which of the following is the best definition of a "transition state" intermediate? -
ANSWER-it is an unstable (high energy) "mash up" of reactants
We say that ATP hydrolysis (its breakdown) is "coupled" to drive endergonic
reactions. This means... - ANSWER-A part of ATP must form a chemical bond with
another reactant molecule
What is the job of a ribosome? - ANSWER-it catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide
using an mRNA template
What is a "point mutation"? - ANSWER-a single base pair change
What sequence indicates the "beginning" (initiation) of the transcription process? -
ANSWER-the promoter
What is the role of sigma in bacteria? - ANSWER-it binds the promoter sequence of
a gene
What is the "+1" site of a gene? - ANSWER-it is the nucleotide where the first
ribonucleoside triphosphate base pairs with the DNA template strand
What type of bonds hold the growing RNA strand to the DNA template strand? -
ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following are TRUE? - ANSWER-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a
substrate of RNA polymerase, the first ribonucleotide that hydrogen bonds to the
template strand will be at the 5' end of the completed RNA molecule.
How is a phospholipid considered "amphipathic"? - ANSWER-it has a hydrophobic
end and a hydrophilic end
, Which of the following can affect membrane fluidity and permeability? - ANSWER-
having saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid tails, the presence of cholesterol,
temperature
When solutes can move freely across a lipid bilayer, with a net movement down their
concentration gradient, it is called - ANSWER-diffusion
Lipid bilayers are permeable to water. When water diffuses, it is called... - ANSWER-
osmosis
An ion channel in the membrane provides a path across that membrane. If ions flow
through the channel it is called... - ANSWER-facilitated diffusion
During which part(s) of respiration is CO2 a product? - ANSWER-Citric Acid Cycle
(we call it the "Krebs Cycle") , Pyruvate Processing (we call it the "Linking Step")
During which part(s) of respiration are electron carriers (like NAD++ and FAD)
reduced? - ANSWER-Citric Acid Cycle (we call it the "Krebs Cycle") , Pyruvate
Processing (we call it the "Linking Step") , glycolysis
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) occur in eukaryotes? - ANSWER-In
the mitochondrial matrix
How many CO2 molecules are made per molecule of glucose during respiration? -
ANSWER-6
At each step of the Krebs cycle in which a carbon is oxidized, what molecule is
reduced? - ANSWER-an electron carrier (like NAD+ or FAD)
How is ATP made during the Krebs cycle? - ANSWER-substrate-level
phosphorylation
Does the CO2 made during the linking step/Krebs Cycle need a channel to get out of
the cell? - ANSWER-nah brah
As electrons are transferred from one component of the ETC to the next, their G
decreases (they lose energy). Some of this energy is lost as heat, but much of it is
used to do "work". What is that work? - ANSWER-protons are moved across the
membrane against their chemical gradient
What happens to electrons at the very end of the ETC? - ANSWER-they bind to
molecular oxygen in a reaction that produces water.
Where is ATP synthase located in a eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER-In the inner
mitochondrial membrane
Where does the energy come from that provides the force that ATP synthase needs
to "squish" ADP and Pi together (to make ATP)? - ANSWER-from the flow of protons
"down" a chemical gradient
