UW Bio 200 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers
guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine, uracil - ANSWER-GCTAU, chemical bases of
nucleotides
GC bonds are stronger than AU bonds
ATP - ANSWER-(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for
most of their work
affinity - ANSWER-attraction between two biological molecules, to bind, modify, or
destroy
template vs non-template strand - ANSWER-template strand: strand on DNA moving
towards 5' end from +1 spot
non-template strand: also known as coding strand, same base will be in the mRNA
but T will be represented as U
upstream/downstream - ANSWER-Upstream: towards 5' end
Downstream: towards 3' end
RNA Polymerase - ANSWER-enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA
nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
Sigma - ANSWER-a protein that must bind to the polymerase before transcription
can begin
promoter - ANSWER-A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA
polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
peptide bond - ANSWER-The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group
of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
ribosome - ANSWER-site of protein synthesis
tRNA - ANSWER-transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the
ribosome
ribosome E, P, and A sites - ANSWER-E: exit site
P: holds tRNA with growing polypeptide chain
A: holds aminoacyl tRNA (acceptor site)
ribosome binding site - ANSWER-a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start
codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome
during the initiation of protein translation
, codon/anti-codon - ANSWER-A codon is a three-base sequence (three nitrogen
bases in a row) on mRNA. It calls for a specific amino acid to be brought to the
growing polypeptide. An anticodon is a three-base sequence on tRNA. It matches
the codon.
release factor - ANSWER-Proteins that can trigger termination of RNA translation
when a ribosome reaches a stop codon.
start codon/stop codon - ANSWER-A codon that either starts or stops the
transcription process
Start: AUG (met)
Stop: UAA UAG UGA
amino acid - ANSWER-Building blocks of protein
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase - ANSWER-During protein synthesis, an enzyme that
attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form a "charged" aminoacyl-
tRNA.
translocation of the ribosome - ANSWER-simultaneous movement of two tRNAs with
the mRNA by one codon
levels of protein structure - ANSWER-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
peptide synthesis - ANSWER-condensation reaction of the upstream carboxyl group
of one amino acid to the downstream amino group of another
how to identify potential for hydrogen bond formation between R groups, amino
groups and carbonyl groups - ANSWER-sharing of a hydrogen atom covalently
attached to an electronegative element (typically O-H and N-H groups) between a
lone pair of electrons on another electronegative element
impact of different types of mutations on protein structure - ANSWER--Silent
mutation: when a mutation occurs but it has no effect on the protein. multiple codons
may result to the same amino acid
Missense mutation: when the substitution results to a different amino acid
Nonsense mutation: when a stop codon replaces what is supposed to be a codon for
an amino acid. When a stop codon is reached, the translation is stopped prematurely
and the protein is not formed.
Frameshift mutation: when an extra nucleic acid is inserted or deleted. This has
severe effects as it will not only change one amino acid, but the rest of the remaining
amino acids will be affected.
impact of changes in protein structure on function - ANSWER-Gain/change of
function: a mutation could increase the function of a protein, or it could also acquire a
new function due to changes in its amino acid sequence
Loss of function: The change in at a single point could affect the entire function of the
protein. For instance, a single change can remove the ability of a receptor to bind to
it. It is also possible that a change in some residues would change the polarity of the
Answers
guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine, uracil - ANSWER-GCTAU, chemical bases of
nucleotides
GC bonds are stronger than AU bonds
ATP - ANSWER-(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for
most of their work
affinity - ANSWER-attraction between two biological molecules, to bind, modify, or
destroy
template vs non-template strand - ANSWER-template strand: strand on DNA moving
towards 5' end from +1 spot
non-template strand: also known as coding strand, same base will be in the mRNA
but T will be represented as U
upstream/downstream - ANSWER-Upstream: towards 5' end
Downstream: towards 3' end
RNA Polymerase - ANSWER-enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA
nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
Sigma - ANSWER-a protein that must bind to the polymerase before transcription
can begin
promoter - ANSWER-A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA
polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
peptide bond - ANSWER-The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group
of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
ribosome - ANSWER-site of protein synthesis
tRNA - ANSWER-transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the
ribosome
ribosome E, P, and A sites - ANSWER-E: exit site
P: holds tRNA with growing polypeptide chain
A: holds aminoacyl tRNA (acceptor site)
ribosome binding site - ANSWER-a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start
codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome
during the initiation of protein translation
, codon/anti-codon - ANSWER-A codon is a three-base sequence (three nitrogen
bases in a row) on mRNA. It calls for a specific amino acid to be brought to the
growing polypeptide. An anticodon is a three-base sequence on tRNA. It matches
the codon.
release factor - ANSWER-Proteins that can trigger termination of RNA translation
when a ribosome reaches a stop codon.
start codon/stop codon - ANSWER-A codon that either starts or stops the
transcription process
Start: AUG (met)
Stop: UAA UAG UGA
amino acid - ANSWER-Building blocks of protein
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase - ANSWER-During protein synthesis, an enzyme that
attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form a "charged" aminoacyl-
tRNA.
translocation of the ribosome - ANSWER-simultaneous movement of two tRNAs with
the mRNA by one codon
levels of protein structure - ANSWER-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
peptide synthesis - ANSWER-condensation reaction of the upstream carboxyl group
of one amino acid to the downstream amino group of another
how to identify potential for hydrogen bond formation between R groups, amino
groups and carbonyl groups - ANSWER-sharing of a hydrogen atom covalently
attached to an electronegative element (typically O-H and N-H groups) between a
lone pair of electrons on another electronegative element
impact of different types of mutations on protein structure - ANSWER--Silent
mutation: when a mutation occurs but it has no effect on the protein. multiple codons
may result to the same amino acid
Missense mutation: when the substitution results to a different amino acid
Nonsense mutation: when a stop codon replaces what is supposed to be a codon for
an amino acid. When a stop codon is reached, the translation is stopped prematurely
and the protein is not formed.
Frameshift mutation: when an extra nucleic acid is inserted or deleted. This has
severe effects as it will not only change one amino acid, but the rest of the remaining
amino acids will be affected.
impact of changes in protein structure on function - ANSWER-Gain/change of
function: a mutation could increase the function of a protein, or it could also acquire a
new function due to changes in its amino acid sequence
Loss of function: The change in at a single point could affect the entire function of the
protein. For instance, a single change can remove the ability of a receptor to bind to
it. It is also possible that a change in some residues would change the polarity of the
