D574 - Neuropsychology Exam Questions Well Answered Latest Update

D574 - Neuropsychology Exam Questions Well Answered Latest Update behavioral neuroscience - Answers the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience, emphasizing the relationship between biology and psychology biological psychology - Answers also known as biopsychology, psychobiology, or physiological psychology, this branch of psychology focuses on understanding behavior through physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms consciousness - Answers the state or quality of awareness, subjectivity, and experience, particularly in the context of the mind-body problem and its relationship to brain activity evolutionary explanation - Answers the description of the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior, highlighting modifications from ancestral species and adaptive advantages functional explanation - Answers the description of why a structure or behavior evolved as it did, identifying the adaptive benefits conferred by certain traits ontogenetic explanation - Answers the description of the developmental processes underlying a behavior or trait, often involving genetic and environmental influences during an organism's lifespan physiological explanation - Answers the description of the relationship between a behavior and the activity of the brain and other bodily organs, focusing on the biological mechanisms underlying behavior neuroethics - Answers The study of ethical issues arising from research in neuroscience and related fields, including concerns about animal research and human experimentation three R's - Answers reduction, replacement, and refinement; legal standards for animal research aimed at reducing the number of animals used, finding alternatives to animal models when possible, and refining procedures to minimize pain and distress astrocytes - Answers star-shaped glial cells that wrap around dendrites, synchronize closely related neurons, and regulate blood flow in active brain areas axon - Answers a thin fiber of constant diameter that conveys impulses from one neuron to another dendrites - Answers branching fibers that receive information from other neurons and contain synaptic receptors glia - Answers non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons, including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells mitochondria - Answers organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) in cells, which is crucial for brain function, cognition, and mental health myelin sheath - Answers insulating material that surrounds and protects certain vertebrate axons, improving the speed of nerve impulses neurons - Answers specialized cells responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information in the nervous system soma - Answers the cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria synapse - Answers junction between two neurons where chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another action potential - Answers messages sent by axons, characterized by depolarization of the neuron membrane all-or-none law - Answers the principle stating that all action potentials, once initiated, are approximately equal in amplitude and velocity, regardless of the intensity of the stimulus depolarization - Answers reduction of the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron, leading to the initiation of an action potential hyperpolarization - Answers increased polarization of the neuron membrane, resulting in a more negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside nodes of Ranvier - Answers short sections along myelinated axons where the myelin sheath is interrupted, facilitating rapid transmission of action potentials refractory period - Answers period during which the neuron membrane is resistant to starting another action potential immediately after an action potential resting potential - Answers the electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of a neuron when it is not transmitting signals. excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) - Answers a graded depolarization of a postsynaptic neuron's membrane, making it more likely to generate an action potential inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - Answers a graded hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic neuron's membrane, making it less likely to generate an action potential reflex arc - Answers the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action temporal summation - Answers the process by which multiple EPSPs or IPSPs occurring in rapid succession at the same synapse combine to influence a neuron's membrane potential synaptic delay - Answers the brief delay between the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic terminal and the initiation of a postsynaptic response synaptic transmission - Answers the process by which neurons communicate with each other at synapses using neurotransmitters synaptic vesicles - Answers small sacs within presynaptic terminals that store neurotransmitters before their release synaptic inhibition - Answers the process by which neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential autonomic nervous system - Answers portion of the nervous system that neurons that control the body's organs, with the sympathetic nervous system preparing for vigorous activity and the parasympathetic nervous system facilitating non-emergency responses central nervous system (CNS) - Answers portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing sensory information and initiating mot