, TESTBANK FOR Applied Social Research, 11th
Edition Hilton
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, CHAPTER 1
RESEARCH IN THE HUMAN SERVICES
1. How can properly conducted practice interventions inform research about human behavior?
*A. Practitioners can evaluate the effectiveness of their inventions in carefully controlled
settings that parallel research.
B. Practitioners test theories of human behavior when working with challenging clients.
C. Practitioners use several different interventions and then determine which are most popular
among clients.
D. Practitioners and researchers form teams to design new programs.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it stresses the importance of controlled
settings in determining associations between interventions and outcomes.
2. Why is there a need for human services providers to be knowledgeable about research?
*A. Providers need to be able to critically evaluate research procedures to decide whether
research findings should be introduced into practice.
B. Providers must present annually at conferences.
C. Researchers rely on providers to recruit research subjects.
D. Research requires advanced training, which can be impressive to clients.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because the purpose of human services research
should be to create more effective and efficient services.
3. Descriptive research
*A. involves the attempt to discover facts or describe reality.
B. utilizes randomized observations to answer questions about human services.
C. is easy to disprove because it is not controlled.
D. is conducted by agencies in order to quantitatively assess their effectiveness.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because descriptive research is about describing
reality and not testing hypotheses pertaining to potential impacts of an intervention.
4. Evaluation research
*A. systematically evaluates or monitors programs and clinical practices using scientific
methods.
B. scores human services agencies using a national standardized scale.
C. is conducted by researchers looking to criticize human services.
D. focuses on making projections about what may occur in the future or in other settings.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because this is the definition of evaluation research.
The other responses describe types of evaluations.
5. Four categories of social research are
*A. descriptive, predictive, explanative, and evaluative.
, B. scientific, empirical, descriptive, and qualitative.
C. descriptive, visual, assessment, and quantitative.
D. predictive, evaluative, descriptive, and empirical.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because these are the four types of research as
described in the “Goals of Research” section of Chapter 1.
6. Empirical data refer to
*A. information or facts about the world that are based on sensory experiences.
B. research collected about human services agencies to inform policy.
C. research based on philosophy and speculation.
D. the hierarchy of scientific methods employed in academia.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because this is the definition of empirical research as
described in Chapter 1. Empirical data are based on information that can be seen, felt,
smelled, heard, or tasted.
7. Evidence-based practice is
*A. a process for making decisions in which practitioners integrate the best research evidence
available with their practice expertise and client background.
B. the complex statistical analysis done on the observations of thousands of people in a
highly controlled experimental study.
C. the interventions used by researchers when they visit human services agencies.
D. a large and complex body of knowledge about human social and psychological behavior.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer to this question because evidence-based practice
should be thought of as a process and not just a desired goal.
8. Which of the following statements about diversity are true?
A. Has a powerful influence on people and social life.
B. Can lead to disproportional suffering due to poverty, inequality, or discrimination.
C. Human services practice focuses on alleviating disproportionality in diverse groups.
*D. All of the above.
RATIONALE: D. D is the best answer because diversity has profound impacts on human
behavior, human services, and social research.
9. The first step in conducting social research is
A. evidence-based practice.
*B. problem formulation.
C. interviewing clients.
D. developing a hypothesis.
RATIONALE: B. B is the best answer because this is the first step in the research process as
described in Chapter 1. Also, research cannot proceed until a researcher has a clear
understanding of the problems she wants to study.
10. What do researchers learn during data analysis?
*A. Whether their ideas are confirmed or refuted by empirical evidence.
B. Whether they will be able to publish the results of their study.
C. If practitioners are doing their jobs properly.
D. All of the above.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 2
, RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it describes the outcome of data analysis,
which is the confirmation or refutation of hypotheses.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 3
, CHAPTER 2
THE LOGIC OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Obtaining objective knowledge about the world through systematic observation is called
*A. the scientific method.
B. causality.
C. journalism.
D. human services practice.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because the scientific method is a process of direct
empirical observation of the world with a quest for objectivity.
2. A set of interrelated, abstract propositions or statements that offers an explanation of some
phenomenon is called
A. research.
B. the scientific method.
C. journalism.
*D. theory.
RATIONALE: D. D is the best answer because it stresses the fundamental frameworks that
help researchers understand and explain various aspects of human society and behavior. This
is explained in the “Theories and Practice” section in Chapter 2.
3. The assumption that truth and understanding can be achieved through personal experience is called
A. traditional knowledge.
B. research.
*C. experiential knowledge.
D. common sense.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because it is the type of knowledge that is acquired
through direct personal involvement or firsthand encounters with the world. This knowledge
is often practical and context specific.
4. Fill in the blank: Practice, like science, should be ______, stressing problem assessment involving
direct observation of client problems, actual counts of behaviors, and independent observations from
multiple data sources.
A. Replicable
*B. Empirical
C. Theoretical
D. Untested
RATIONALE: B. B is the best answer because it relies on data that are collected through
systematic and objective methods. This is discussed in the “Sources of Knowledge” section in
Chapter 2.
, 5. Causality is
*A. a clear link between cause and effect.
B. hard to determine in research on social service interventions.
C. research done under objective conditions.
D. impossible to discover and understand.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it is the effect of an independent variable on
a dependent variable. This is described in the “Cause-and-Effect Relationships” section in
Chapter 2.
6. Which of the following statements defines hypothesis?
*A. A testable statement of the relationship between two or more concepts.
B. An examination of a series of research questions.
C. A testable assertion about reality guided by research that is continually being added to.
D. The accumulation of knowledge from experience.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it is a fundamental concept in scientific
research, which is a preliminary idea or prediction that a researcher formulates based on
existing knowledge and observations. This concept is described in the “Developing
Hypotheses” section in Chapter 2.
7. Fill in the blank: ______ refers to the process of inferring a conclusion from some premise or
proposition.
A. The scientific method
B. Research osmosis
*C. Deduction
D. Nominal definition
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because it refers to a logical process of reasoning that
involves drawing specific conclusions from general principles, theories, or hypotheses. This
idea is discussed in the “Deduction Versus Induction” section of Chapter 2.
8. Which statement is true about scientific practice?
A. It is unchangeable and based on fact.
B. Scientific practice should draw from experiences that are generalized from what we learn
from others.
*C. Effective human services practice should have characteristics that parallel those of
science.
D. It is a closed system of beliefs and values that shapes the understanding and behavior of
those who believe in it.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because it stresses the importance of “practice,” like
science, being viewed as fair game for criticism and refutation. This concept is discussed in
the “Sources of Knowledge” section of Chapter 2.
9. General ways of thinking about how the world works and how we gain knowledge about the world
and in research, called positivism and interpretivism, are known as
*A. research paradigms.
B. the scientific method.
C. evidence-based practice.
D. experiential knowledge.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 2
, RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it emphasizes the fundamental frameworks
or perspective that guides how researchers conceptualize, conduct, and interpret their studies.
This concept is discussed in the “Paradigms in Science” section of Chapter 2.
10. Fill in the blank: Concepts are given both ________ definitions, which explain their meaning, and
________ definitions, which indicate how they are measured.
*A. Nominal, operational
B. Experiential, traditional
C. Operational, nominal
D. Scientific, experiential
RATIONALE: A. A is the correct answer and is described in the “Concepts and
Hypotheses” section of Chapter 2.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 3
, CHAPTER 3
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Ethics has to do with all of the following EXCEPT
*A. efficiency and practicality.
B. proper and improper behavior.
C. moral duty and obligation.
D. responsibilities to others.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because ethics (as defined at the start of Chapter 1) is
about behavior and moral duty and obligation and not efficiency and practicality.
2. Deception in research
A. Never occurs.
B. Only occurs in unethical research.
*C. Is sometimes used in research, but whether and under what conditions it is allowed is
highly controversial.
D. Is guaranteed to fail a rigorous review by an institutional review board.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because deception is sometimes used in research and
under some conditions may be considered ethically acceptable.
3. Which of the following is the best statement of “informed consent” in social research?
A. Potential research participants should be told enough to convince them to participate in the
research.
B. Potential research participants should be told what they will be asked to do in the research.
C. Potential research participants should be told all aspects of the research in which they will
participate except the research hypothesis.
*D. Potential research participants should be told about all aspects of the research that might
reasonably influence their decision to participate.
RATIONALE: D. D is the best answer because informed consent implies that research
participants are aware of what their participation will entail and understand the purpose and
potential uses of the research.
4. Confidentiality and anonymity:
A. Mean the same thing in research.
B. Are opposites.
*C. Are different but related concepts.
D. Are similar because neither is ever guaranteed in research.
RATIONALE: C. C is the correct answer. Confidentiality is about not making participants’
identity known to the public. Anonymity implies that even the researcher is not aware of a
participant’s identity.
, 5. When conducting research with human services clients:
*A. Special attention should be placed on ensuring they are not being coerced into
participation, especially when clients are from vulnerable populations.
B. Clients should be expected to participate in order to receive services.
C. Coercive techniques are encouraged to create a representative sample.
D. It is important to develop partnerships with human services staff, who will be able to
convince clients to participate.
RATIONALE: A. A is the correct answer because it is important that human services clients
are able to give informed consent to participate in services without coercion or the threat of
loss of services.
6. The “risk–benefit” approach to requiring informed consent is that
A. informed consent must always be followed.
B. informed consent should usually be followed, except when it is possible to ensure
confidentiality.
*C. questionable practices such as deception can be used if they are essential to the research
and will bring no harm to participants.
D. questionable practices such as deception should be used unless the benefits of following
informed consent outweigh the disadvantages of doing so.
RATIONALE: C. C is the correct answer because it best describes the risk–benefit approach
to informed consent, which stresses that some ethical questionable practices may be justified
in research if they create minimal hardships or risks to participants and the potential benefits
outweigh these hardships and risks.
7. The ability to control when and under what conditions others will have access to your beliefs,
values, or behavior is the ethical issue of
*A. privacy.
B. confidentiality.
C. informed consent.
D. anonymity.
RATIONALE: A. A is the correct answer to this question because it is the definition of
“privacy” as described in Chapter 1. Privacy is about a research participant’s ability to control
the collection and dissemination of information about them.
8. The opportunity for the researcher to alleviate the impact of any distress research participants
might experience occurs during
A. the pretest.
B. the posttest.
*C. the debriefing.
D. the single-system phase of the research.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because the question includes the definition of
“debriefing” as described in Chapter 1. Debriefing is the process of helping to alleviate
impacts of participant distress that might occur during the research process.
9. The group from which some treatment is withheld is called a
A. treatment group.
B. debriefing group.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 2
Edition Hilton
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, CHAPTER 1
RESEARCH IN THE HUMAN SERVICES
1. How can properly conducted practice interventions inform research about human behavior?
*A. Practitioners can evaluate the effectiveness of their inventions in carefully controlled
settings that parallel research.
B. Practitioners test theories of human behavior when working with challenging clients.
C. Practitioners use several different interventions and then determine which are most popular
among clients.
D. Practitioners and researchers form teams to design new programs.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it stresses the importance of controlled
settings in determining associations between interventions and outcomes.
2. Why is there a need for human services providers to be knowledgeable about research?
*A. Providers need to be able to critically evaluate research procedures to decide whether
research findings should be introduced into practice.
B. Providers must present annually at conferences.
C. Researchers rely on providers to recruit research subjects.
D. Research requires advanced training, which can be impressive to clients.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because the purpose of human services research
should be to create more effective and efficient services.
3. Descriptive research
*A. involves the attempt to discover facts or describe reality.
B. utilizes randomized observations to answer questions about human services.
C. is easy to disprove because it is not controlled.
D. is conducted by agencies in order to quantitatively assess their effectiveness.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because descriptive research is about describing
reality and not testing hypotheses pertaining to potential impacts of an intervention.
4. Evaluation research
*A. systematically evaluates or monitors programs and clinical practices using scientific
methods.
B. scores human services agencies using a national standardized scale.
C. is conducted by researchers looking to criticize human services.
D. focuses on making projections about what may occur in the future or in other settings.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because this is the definition of evaluation research.
The other responses describe types of evaluations.
5. Four categories of social research are
*A. descriptive, predictive, explanative, and evaluative.
, B. scientific, empirical, descriptive, and qualitative.
C. descriptive, visual, assessment, and quantitative.
D. predictive, evaluative, descriptive, and empirical.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because these are the four types of research as
described in the “Goals of Research” section of Chapter 1.
6. Empirical data refer to
*A. information or facts about the world that are based on sensory experiences.
B. research collected about human services agencies to inform policy.
C. research based on philosophy and speculation.
D. the hierarchy of scientific methods employed in academia.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because this is the definition of empirical research as
described in Chapter 1. Empirical data are based on information that can be seen, felt,
smelled, heard, or tasted.
7. Evidence-based practice is
*A. a process for making decisions in which practitioners integrate the best research evidence
available with their practice expertise and client background.
B. the complex statistical analysis done on the observations of thousands of people in a
highly controlled experimental study.
C. the interventions used by researchers when they visit human services agencies.
D. a large and complex body of knowledge about human social and psychological behavior.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer to this question because evidence-based practice
should be thought of as a process and not just a desired goal.
8. Which of the following statements about diversity are true?
A. Has a powerful influence on people and social life.
B. Can lead to disproportional suffering due to poverty, inequality, or discrimination.
C. Human services practice focuses on alleviating disproportionality in diverse groups.
*D. All of the above.
RATIONALE: D. D is the best answer because diversity has profound impacts on human
behavior, human services, and social research.
9. The first step in conducting social research is
A. evidence-based practice.
*B. problem formulation.
C. interviewing clients.
D. developing a hypothesis.
RATIONALE: B. B is the best answer because this is the first step in the research process as
described in Chapter 1. Also, research cannot proceed until a researcher has a clear
understanding of the problems she wants to study.
10. What do researchers learn during data analysis?
*A. Whether their ideas are confirmed or refuted by empirical evidence.
B. Whether they will be able to publish the results of their study.
C. If practitioners are doing their jobs properly.
D. All of the above.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 2
, RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it describes the outcome of data analysis,
which is the confirmation or refutation of hypotheses.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 3
, CHAPTER 2
THE LOGIC OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Obtaining objective knowledge about the world through systematic observation is called
*A. the scientific method.
B. causality.
C. journalism.
D. human services practice.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because the scientific method is a process of direct
empirical observation of the world with a quest for objectivity.
2. A set of interrelated, abstract propositions or statements that offers an explanation of some
phenomenon is called
A. research.
B. the scientific method.
C. journalism.
*D. theory.
RATIONALE: D. D is the best answer because it stresses the fundamental frameworks that
help researchers understand and explain various aspects of human society and behavior. This
is explained in the “Theories and Practice” section in Chapter 2.
3. The assumption that truth and understanding can be achieved through personal experience is called
A. traditional knowledge.
B. research.
*C. experiential knowledge.
D. common sense.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because it is the type of knowledge that is acquired
through direct personal involvement or firsthand encounters with the world. This knowledge
is often practical and context specific.
4. Fill in the blank: Practice, like science, should be ______, stressing problem assessment involving
direct observation of client problems, actual counts of behaviors, and independent observations from
multiple data sources.
A. Replicable
*B. Empirical
C. Theoretical
D. Untested
RATIONALE: B. B is the best answer because it relies on data that are collected through
systematic and objective methods. This is discussed in the “Sources of Knowledge” section in
Chapter 2.
, 5. Causality is
*A. a clear link between cause and effect.
B. hard to determine in research on social service interventions.
C. research done under objective conditions.
D. impossible to discover and understand.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it is the effect of an independent variable on
a dependent variable. This is described in the “Cause-and-Effect Relationships” section in
Chapter 2.
6. Which of the following statements defines hypothesis?
*A. A testable statement of the relationship between two or more concepts.
B. An examination of a series of research questions.
C. A testable assertion about reality guided by research that is continually being added to.
D. The accumulation of knowledge from experience.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it is a fundamental concept in scientific
research, which is a preliminary idea or prediction that a researcher formulates based on
existing knowledge and observations. This concept is described in the “Developing
Hypotheses” section in Chapter 2.
7. Fill in the blank: ______ refers to the process of inferring a conclusion from some premise or
proposition.
A. The scientific method
B. Research osmosis
*C. Deduction
D. Nominal definition
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because it refers to a logical process of reasoning that
involves drawing specific conclusions from general principles, theories, or hypotheses. This
idea is discussed in the “Deduction Versus Induction” section of Chapter 2.
8. Which statement is true about scientific practice?
A. It is unchangeable and based on fact.
B. Scientific practice should draw from experiences that are generalized from what we learn
from others.
*C. Effective human services practice should have characteristics that parallel those of
science.
D. It is a closed system of beliefs and values that shapes the understanding and behavior of
those who believe in it.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because it stresses the importance of “practice,” like
science, being viewed as fair game for criticism and refutation. This concept is discussed in
the “Sources of Knowledge” section of Chapter 2.
9. General ways of thinking about how the world works and how we gain knowledge about the world
and in research, called positivism and interpretivism, are known as
*A. research paradigms.
B. the scientific method.
C. evidence-based practice.
D. experiential knowledge.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 2
, RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because it emphasizes the fundamental frameworks
or perspective that guides how researchers conceptualize, conduct, and interpret their studies.
This concept is discussed in the “Paradigms in Science” section of Chapter 2.
10. Fill in the blank: Concepts are given both ________ definitions, which explain their meaning, and
________ definitions, which indicate how they are measured.
*A. Nominal, operational
B. Experiential, traditional
C. Operational, nominal
D. Scientific, experiential
RATIONALE: A. A is the correct answer and is described in the “Concepts and
Hypotheses” section of Chapter 2.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 3
, CHAPTER 3
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Ethics has to do with all of the following EXCEPT
*A. efficiency and practicality.
B. proper and improper behavior.
C. moral duty and obligation.
D. responsibilities to others.
RATIONALE: A. A is the best answer because ethics (as defined at the start of Chapter 1) is
about behavior and moral duty and obligation and not efficiency and practicality.
2. Deception in research
A. Never occurs.
B. Only occurs in unethical research.
*C. Is sometimes used in research, but whether and under what conditions it is allowed is
highly controversial.
D. Is guaranteed to fail a rigorous review by an institutional review board.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because deception is sometimes used in research and
under some conditions may be considered ethically acceptable.
3. Which of the following is the best statement of “informed consent” in social research?
A. Potential research participants should be told enough to convince them to participate in the
research.
B. Potential research participants should be told what they will be asked to do in the research.
C. Potential research participants should be told all aspects of the research in which they will
participate except the research hypothesis.
*D. Potential research participants should be told about all aspects of the research that might
reasonably influence their decision to participate.
RATIONALE: D. D is the best answer because informed consent implies that research
participants are aware of what their participation will entail and understand the purpose and
potential uses of the research.
4. Confidentiality and anonymity:
A. Mean the same thing in research.
B. Are opposites.
*C. Are different but related concepts.
D. Are similar because neither is ever guaranteed in research.
RATIONALE: C. C is the correct answer. Confidentiality is about not making participants’
identity known to the public. Anonymity implies that even the researcher is not aware of a
participant’s identity.
, 5. When conducting research with human services clients:
*A. Special attention should be placed on ensuring they are not being coerced into
participation, especially when clients are from vulnerable populations.
B. Clients should be expected to participate in order to receive services.
C. Coercive techniques are encouraged to create a representative sample.
D. It is important to develop partnerships with human services staff, who will be able to
convince clients to participate.
RATIONALE: A. A is the correct answer because it is important that human services clients
are able to give informed consent to participate in services without coercion or the threat of
loss of services.
6. The “risk–benefit” approach to requiring informed consent is that
A. informed consent must always be followed.
B. informed consent should usually be followed, except when it is possible to ensure
confidentiality.
*C. questionable practices such as deception can be used if they are essential to the research
and will bring no harm to participants.
D. questionable practices such as deception should be used unless the benefits of following
informed consent outweigh the disadvantages of doing so.
RATIONALE: C. C is the correct answer because it best describes the risk–benefit approach
to informed consent, which stresses that some ethical questionable practices may be justified
in research if they create minimal hardships or risks to participants and the potential benefits
outweigh these hardships and risks.
7. The ability to control when and under what conditions others will have access to your beliefs,
values, or behavior is the ethical issue of
*A. privacy.
B. confidentiality.
C. informed consent.
D. anonymity.
RATIONALE: A. A is the correct answer to this question because it is the definition of
“privacy” as described in Chapter 1. Privacy is about a research participant’s ability to control
the collection and dissemination of information about them.
8. The opportunity for the researcher to alleviate the impact of any distress research participants
might experience occurs during
A. the pretest.
B. the posttest.
*C. the debriefing.
D. the single-system phase of the research.
RATIONALE: C. C is the best answer because the question includes the definition of
“debriefing” as described in Chapter 1. Debriefing is the process of helping to alleviate
impacts of participant distress that might occur during the research process.
9. The group from which some treatment is withheld is called a
A. treatment group.
B. debriefing group.
Copyright © Springer Publishing Company, LLC. All Rights Reserved. 2
