1|Page
NR 546 / NR546 MIDTERM EXAM (LATEST ) TESTED QUESTIONS
WITH REVISED ANSWERS, (A+ GUARANTEE)
1.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for raising blood glucose during fasting?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone
Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis,
elevating blood glucose during fasting.
2.
Which electrolyte imbalance is expected in Addison’s disease?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone deficiency reduces potassium excretion, causing
hyperkalemia and hyponatremia.
3.
Which acid-base disturbance occurs in prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of gastric H⁺ ions leads to metabolic alkalosis.
4.
Which lab marker is most sensitive and specific for acute myocardial infarction
(AMI)?
,2|Page
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin I/T
C. Myoglobin
D. BNP
Answer: B
Rationale: Troponin I/T remains elevated 7–10 days post-MI and is highly
sensitive and specific for myocardial injury.
5.
Which pathophysiologic change underlies diabetic nephropathy?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Obstructive uropathy
C. Glomerular basement membrane thickening due to hyperglycemia
D. Renal artery stenosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic hyperglycemia thickens the glomerular basement membrane,
causing proteinuria and progressive CKD.
6.
Which type of shock results from cardiac pump failure?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: B
Rationale: Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot maintain adequate
cardiac output, causing tissue hypoperfusion.
7.
Which electrolyte imbalance is expected in rhabdomyolysis?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Muscle breakdown releases intracellular potassium, causing
hyperkalemia, which can precipitate arrhythmias.
,3|Page
8.
Which hormone increases blood glucose during stress?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH
Answer: B
Rationale: Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism, raising
blood glucose levels during stress.
9.
Which type of anemia is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Microcytic
B. Normocytic
C. Macrocytic (megaloblastic)
D. Hemolytic
Answer: C
Rationale: B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis in erythroblasts, producing
macrocytic megaloblastic anemia.
10.
Which type of immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes without antibody
involvement?
A. Humoral immunity
B. Cell-mediated immunity
C. Passive immunity
D. Innate immunity
Answer: B
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity relies on T cells to fight intracellular
pathogens, tumors, and grafts independently of antibodies.
11.
Which acid-base disturbance is seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
, 4|Page
Answer: B
Rationale: Accumulation of ketones causes anion-gap metabolic acidosis.
12.
Which mechanism primarily contributes to edema in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hypoalbuminemia decreasing plasma oncotic pressure
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Hypernatremia-induced diuresis
Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of plasma proteins reduces oncotic pressure, causing fluid
accumulation in interstitial spaces.
13.
Which lab finding is characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Polycythemia
Answer: B
Rationale: CKD reduces potassium excretion, causing hyperkalemia. Metabolic
acidosis is also common.
14.
Which complication is most associated with uncontrolled hypertension?
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Pulmonary embolism
Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload, causing LV hypertrophy,
diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure.
15.
Which acid-base disturbance occurs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
NR 546 / NR546 MIDTERM EXAM (LATEST ) TESTED QUESTIONS
WITH REVISED ANSWERS, (A+ GUARANTEE)
1.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for raising blood glucose during fasting?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone
Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis,
elevating blood glucose during fasting.
2.
Which electrolyte imbalance is expected in Addison’s disease?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone deficiency reduces potassium excretion, causing
hyperkalemia and hyponatremia.
3.
Which acid-base disturbance occurs in prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of gastric H⁺ ions leads to metabolic alkalosis.
4.
Which lab marker is most sensitive and specific for acute myocardial infarction
(AMI)?
,2|Page
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin I/T
C. Myoglobin
D. BNP
Answer: B
Rationale: Troponin I/T remains elevated 7–10 days post-MI and is highly
sensitive and specific for myocardial injury.
5.
Which pathophysiologic change underlies diabetic nephropathy?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Obstructive uropathy
C. Glomerular basement membrane thickening due to hyperglycemia
D. Renal artery stenosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic hyperglycemia thickens the glomerular basement membrane,
causing proteinuria and progressive CKD.
6.
Which type of shock results from cardiac pump failure?
A. Hypovolemic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: B
Rationale: Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot maintain adequate
cardiac output, causing tissue hypoperfusion.
7.
Which electrolyte imbalance is expected in rhabdomyolysis?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Muscle breakdown releases intracellular potassium, causing
hyperkalemia, which can precipitate arrhythmias.
,3|Page
8.
Which hormone increases blood glucose during stress?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH
Answer: B
Rationale: Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism, raising
blood glucose levels during stress.
9.
Which type of anemia is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?
A. Microcytic
B. Normocytic
C. Macrocytic (megaloblastic)
D. Hemolytic
Answer: C
Rationale: B12 deficiency impairs DNA synthesis in erythroblasts, producing
macrocytic megaloblastic anemia.
10.
Which type of immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes without antibody
involvement?
A. Humoral immunity
B. Cell-mediated immunity
C. Passive immunity
D. Innate immunity
Answer: B
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity relies on T cells to fight intracellular
pathogens, tumors, and grafts independently of antibodies.
11.
Which acid-base disturbance is seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
, 4|Page
Answer: B
Rationale: Accumulation of ketones causes anion-gap metabolic acidosis.
12.
Which mechanism primarily contributes to edema in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hypoalbuminemia decreasing plasma oncotic pressure
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Hypernatremia-induced diuresis
Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of plasma proteins reduces oncotic pressure, causing fluid
accumulation in interstitial spaces.
13.
Which lab finding is characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Polycythemia
Answer: B
Rationale: CKD reduces potassium excretion, causing hyperkalemia. Metabolic
acidosis is also common.
14.
Which complication is most associated with uncontrolled hypertension?
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Pulmonary embolism
Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload, causing LV hypertrophy,
diastolic dysfunction, and heart failure.
15.
Which acid-base disturbance occurs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
