BIOL 322 Exam 1 2025
Allele - answer gene variant
gene comes in two forms or alleles.
ex. purple vs. white flower
Dominant - answer shows phenotype
ex. purple flower
Mendel - answer The father of Genetics
Nucleases - answer cut DNA
DNA polymerase - answer make DNA copies
Ligases - answer"paste" DNA
Transformation - answer inserting foreign DNA into species
Sequencing
Genomics - answer study of structure and function of a genome
CRISPR - answerCas9
effectively and specifically changes genes within organisms
Genetic model organisms - answerCheap
Small
Short generation time
Easy to breed
Small genome
DNA - answergenetic material
Griffith - answernoted that heat-killed S (virulent) Streptococcus pneumoniae cells
mixed with non-virulent (R strain) cells caused death in mice
Avery - answerchemically destroyed major macromolecules of the cell to determine
which macromolecule caused the transformation
DNA Structure - answerPhosphate backbone
Deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base
, 4 nitrogenous bases - answeradenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
Purine - answerdouble-ring structure
adenine
guanine
Pyrimidine - answersingle-ring structure
cytosine
thymine
Uracil
Watson and Crick (and Franklin - answerdouble helix
Side by side chains twisted into a double helix
A-T and C-G pairs
Backbone is alternating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar units
Replicon - answerDNA that undergoes replication
Theta replication - answerType of replication of circular DNA
Replication bubble - answerUnwinding of double helix produces this structure
Replication fork - answerSite where double helix unwinds to produce two single
stranded molecules to serve as templates for copying
Origin of replication - answerWhere replication begins (bacteria have one "ori")
Bidirectional - answerWhen two replication forks form at the ends of the replication
bubble and proceed outward in opposite directions.
Unidirectional - answerWhen one replication fork is present and replication proceeds
around the entire circle to produce two complete circular DNA molecules.
RNA structure - answerRibose sugar in nucleotides
Single-stranded
A-U (uracil)
C-G
snRNA - answerfurther process RNA transcripts
miRNA - answerregulate protein production
siRNA - answerinhibit virus production
Allele - answer gene variant
gene comes in two forms or alleles.
ex. purple vs. white flower
Dominant - answer shows phenotype
ex. purple flower
Mendel - answer The father of Genetics
Nucleases - answer cut DNA
DNA polymerase - answer make DNA copies
Ligases - answer"paste" DNA
Transformation - answer inserting foreign DNA into species
Sequencing
Genomics - answer study of structure and function of a genome
CRISPR - answerCas9
effectively and specifically changes genes within organisms
Genetic model organisms - answerCheap
Small
Short generation time
Easy to breed
Small genome
DNA - answergenetic material
Griffith - answernoted that heat-killed S (virulent) Streptococcus pneumoniae cells
mixed with non-virulent (R strain) cells caused death in mice
Avery - answerchemically destroyed major macromolecules of the cell to determine
which macromolecule caused the transformation
DNA Structure - answerPhosphate backbone
Deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base
, 4 nitrogenous bases - answeradenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
Purine - answerdouble-ring structure
adenine
guanine
Pyrimidine - answersingle-ring structure
cytosine
thymine
Uracil
Watson and Crick (and Franklin - answerdouble helix
Side by side chains twisted into a double helix
A-T and C-G pairs
Backbone is alternating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar units
Replicon - answerDNA that undergoes replication
Theta replication - answerType of replication of circular DNA
Replication bubble - answerUnwinding of double helix produces this structure
Replication fork - answerSite where double helix unwinds to produce two single
stranded molecules to serve as templates for copying
Origin of replication - answerWhere replication begins (bacteria have one "ori")
Bidirectional - answerWhen two replication forks form at the ends of the replication
bubble and proceed outward in opposite directions.
Unidirectional - answerWhen one replication fork is present and replication proceeds
around the entire circle to produce two complete circular DNA molecules.
RNA structure - answerRibose sugar in nucleotides
Single-stranded
A-U (uracil)
C-G
snRNA - answerfurther process RNA transcripts
miRNA - answerregulate protein production
siRNA - answerinhibit virus production
