, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 1: Introduction to Urinalysis Lesson 1: Importance of Analysis.................................. 47
Lesson 1: Biological Hazards ......................................... 1 Lesson 2: Components & Physiology ............................ 47
Lesson 2: Mode of Transmission .................................... 1 Lesson 3: Diarrhea ....................................................... 47
Lesson 3: Standard Precautions ..................................... 1 Lesson 4: Specimen Collection ..................................... 48
Lesson 4: Different Hazards ........................................... 3 Lesson 5: Macroscopic Examination ............................. 48
Lesson 5: Introduction to Urinalysis ................................ 4 Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 48
Module 2: Renal Function Lesson 7: Chemical Testing of Feces ............................ 48
Lesson 1: Stages of Urine Formation.............................. 7 Lesson 8: Fecal Enzymes ............................................. 49
Module 3: Macroscopic and Chemical Examination of Urine Module 13: Miscellaneous Body Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Types of Specimen Collection ...................... 11 Lesson 1: Introduction................................................... 50
Lesson 2: Physical Examination ................................... 11 Lesson 2: Specimen Collection and Handling ................ 50
Lesson 3: Chemical Examination .................................. 11 Lesson 3: Color and Appearance .................................. 50
Lesson 4: Miscellaneous Urine Tests............................ 13 Lesson 4: Diagnostic Tests ........................................... 50
Module 4: Microscopic Analysis of Urine Lesson 5: Vaginal Disorders ......................................... 51
Lesson 1: Preparation and Examination of Sediment .... 14 Module 14: Digestive System
Lesson 2: Casts ........................................................... 17 Lesson 1: Gastric Fluid Analysis ................................... 53
Lesson 3: Artifacts........................................................ 18 Lesson 2: Collection of the Specimen ........................... 53
Lesson 4: Crystals........................................................ 18 Lesson 3: Composition ................................................. 53
Module 5: Renal Disease Lesson 4: Macroscopic Examination ............................. 53
Lesson 1: Introduction .................................................. 20 Lesson 5: Chemical Examination .................................. 54
Lesson 2: Glomerular Disorders ................................... 20 Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 54
Lesson 3: Tubular Disorders......................................... 22
Lesson 4: Interstitial Disorders...................................... 23
Lesson 5: Vascular Disorders ....................................... 24
Module 6: Urine Screening for Metabolic Disorders
Lesson 1: Overflow Versus Renal Disorder ................... 25
Lesson 2: Amino Acid Disorders ................................... 25
Lesson 3: Tryptophan Disorders ................................... 26
Lesson 4: Cystine Disorder........................................... 26
Lesson 5: Porphyrin Disorders...................................... 27
Lesson 6: Mucopolysaccharide Disorders ..................... 27
Lesson 7: Purine Disorders .......................................... 28
Lesson 8: Carbohydrate Disorders ............................... 28
Lesson 9: Other Meliturias ............................................ 28
Module 7: Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Importance of Analysis ................................. 29
Lesson 2: Formation and Physiology ............................ 29
Lesson 3: Specimen Considerations ............................. 29
Lesson 4: Macroscopic Examination ............................. 30
Lesson 5: Chemical Examination .................................. 30
Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 31
Lesson 7: Microbiologic and Serologic Examination ...... 33
Lesson 8: Types of Meningitis ...................................... 33
Module 8: Semen Analysis
Lesson 1: Importance of Analysis ................................. 34
Lesson 2: Physiology ................................................... 34
Lesson 3: Specimen Collection..................................... 34
Lesson 4: Specimen Handling ...................................... 34
Lesson 5: Semen Analysis ........................................... 34
Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 35
Lesson 7: Sperm Motility .............................................. 35
Lesson 8: Sperm Morphology ....................................... 35
Module 9: Synovial Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Definition & Physiology ................................. 37
Lesson 2: Specimen Collecting and Handling ............... 37
Lesson 3: Tests............................................................ 38
Module 10: Serous Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Introduction .................................................. 40
Lesson 2: Pleural Fluid ................................................. 41
Lesson 3: Pericardial Fluid ........................................... 42
Lesson 4: Peritoneal Fluid ............................................ 42
Module 11: Amniotic Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Physiology & Function .................................. 44
Lesson 2: Volume ........................................................ 44
Lesson 3: Specimen Collection & Handling ................... 44
Lesson 4: Tests for Fetal Diseases ............................... 44
Module 12: Fecal Analysis
GRANADA, SHENNEID B., BSMT(c)
, MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS
OUTLINE
I Biological Hazards
II Mode of Transmission
III Standard Precautions
A Engineering Controls
B Work Practice Controls
C Personal Protective Equipment
D Medical
E Biologic Waste Disposal
IV Different Hazards
A Sharp Hazards
B Chemical Hazards
i Chemical Spills & Exposure
ii Chemical Handling
iii Chemical Hygiene Plan
iv Chemical Labeling
v Material Safety Data Sheets
C Radioactive Hazards
D Electrical Hazards
E Fire/Explosive Hazards
V Introduction to Urinalysis
A Kidney Function
B Nephron
C Urine Formation
D Urine Composition
E Urine Volume
F Specimen Preservation
i Types of Preservation • In the clinical laboratory, the most direct contact with the
G Specimen Types source of infection is through contact with patient
specimen, although contact with patients and infected
objects also occurs.
I. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Preventing completion of the chain of infection is a primary
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
objective of biological safety by proper hand-washing
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
and wearing personal protective equipment.
Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory
HICPAC • Reservoir
Committee
o Location of potentially harmful microorganisms.
UP Universal Precautions
o A place where the infectious agent can live and
BSI Body Substance Isolation multiply.
NFPA National Fire Protection Association • Fomites
• Safety Procedure Manuals must be readily available in o Inanimate objects that can serve as a reservoir for
the laboratory that describes the safety policies mandated pathogenic microorganisms.
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), and strict adherence to these
II. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. Direct Contact
guidelines by laboratory personnel is essential.
Types of Safety Hazards
o Unprotected host touches the patient, specimen, or
Type Sources Possible Injury contaminated objects.
Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, 2. Airborne
Biologic Infectious Agents o Inhalation of dried aerosol particles circulating on
or Parasitic Infections
Cuts, Punctures or air currents or attached to dust particles.
Needles, Lancets,
Sharps Blood-Borne Pathogen 3. Droplet
Broken Glass
Exposure o Host inhales material from reservoir (e.g., aerosol
Exposure to toxic, droplets from a patient or uncapped centrifuge tube,
Preservatives &
Chemical carcinogenic, or or when specimens are aliquot or spilled).
Agents
causative agents 4. Vehicle
Equipment &
Radioactive Radiation Exposure o Ingestion of contaminated substances (e.g. food,
Radioisotopes
Ungrounded or Wet water, specimen)
Electrical Equipment; Frayed Burns or Shock 5. Vector
Cords o Animal or Insect Bites
Fire/ Open Flames, Organic Burns or In 1996, the CDC and the HICPAC combined the major features of
Explosive Chemicals Dismemberment Universal Precautions (UP) and Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Wet Floor, Heavy Falls, Sprains, or guidelines and called the new guidelines Standard Precautions.
Physical
Boxes, Patients Strains
• Infection Control III. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
o Procedures to control and monitor infections within an 1. Hand-Washing/Hand Hygiene
institution. o Hand hygiene includes both hand washing and the use
• Chain of Infections of alcohol – based antiseptic cleaners.
o Requires a continuous link between a source, a o Sanitize hands after touching blood, body fluids,
method of transmission and a susceptible host. secretions, excretions, and contaminated items
whether or not gloves are worn.
o Sanitize immediately after gloves are removed,
between patient contacts, and when otherwise
indicated to avoid transferring microorganisms to other
patients or environments.
GRANADA, SHENNEID B., BSMT(c) 1
, MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS
o Place used disposable syringes and needles, scalpel
blades, and other sharp items in appropriate
puncture-resistant containers, which are located as
close as practical to the area in which the items were
used, and place reusable syringes and needles in a
puncture-resistant container for transport to the
reprocessing area.
o Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or other
ventilation devices as an alternative to mouth to-
mouth resuscitation methods in areas where the need
for resuscitation is predictable.
9. Patient Placement
o Place a patient in a private room who contaminates the
environment or who does not (or cannot be expected
2. Gloves to) assist in maintaining appropriate hygiene or
o Wear gloves (clean, nonsterile gloves are adequate) environment control.
when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, o If a private room is not available, consult with infection
excretions, and contaminated items. control professionals regarding patient placement or
o Put on gloves just before touching mucous membranes other alternatives.
and nonintact skin. 10. Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
o Change gloves between tasks and procedures on the o Educate health-care personnel, patients, and visitors
same patient after contact with material that may to contain respiratory secretions to prevent droplet and
contain a high concentration of microorganisms. fomite transmission of respiratory pathogens.
3. Mouth, Nose, & Eye Protection o Offer masks to coughing patients, distance
o Wear a mask and eye protection or a face shield to symptomatic patients from others, and practice good
protect mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of respiratory
mouth during procedures and patient care activities pathogens.
that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood,
body fluids, secretions, or excretions.
o A specially fitted respirator (N95) must be used
A. ENGINEERING CONTROLS
during patient care activities related to suspected • Providing sharps disposal containers and needles with
mycobacterium exposure. safety devices.
4. Gown • Requires discarding of needles with the safety device
o Wear gown (clean, nonsterile gloves are adequate) to activated and the holder attached.
protect skin and to prevent soiling of clothing during • Labeling all bio-hazardous materials and containers.
procedures and patient care activities that are likely to
generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, B. WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS
secretions, or excretions. • Requiring all employees to practice Standard Precautions
o Wear Fluid – Resistant Gown and documenting training on annual basis.
5. Patient Care Equipment • Prohibiting eating, drinking, smoking, and applying
o Handle used patient care equipment soiled with blood, cosmetics in the work area.
body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that • Establishing a daily work surface disinfection protocol.
prevents skin and mucous membrane exposure,
clothing contamination, and transfer of microorganisms
C. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
to other patients or environments.
• Providing laboratory coats, gowns, face shields, and
o Ensure that reusable equipment is not used for the
gloves to employees and laundry facilities for non-
care of another patient until it has been cleaned and
disposable protective clothing.
reprocessed appropriately.
o Ensure that single-use items are discarded properly.
6. Environmental Control D. MEDICAL
o Ensure that the hospital has adequate procedures for • Providing immunization for the hepatitis B virus free of
the routine care, cleaning, and disinfection of charge.
environmental surfaces, beds, bedrails, bedside • Providing medical follow-up to employees who have been
equipment, and other frequently touched surfaces. accidentally exposed to blood-borne pathogens.
Ensure that these procedures are being followed.
7. Linen E. DOCUMENTATION
o Handle, transport, and process linen soiled with blood, • Documenting annual training of employees in safety
body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that standards.
prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures and • Documenting evaluations and implementation of safer
clothing contamination and that avoids the transfer of needle devices.
microorganisms to other patients and environments. • Involving employees in the selection and evaluation of new
8. Occupational Health & Blood-Borne Pathogens devices and maintaining a list of those employees and the
o Prevent injuries when using needles, scalpels, and evaluations.
other sharp instruments or devices; when handling • Maintaining a sharps injury log including the type and
sharp instruments after procedures; when cleaning brand of safety device, location and description of the
used instruments; and when disposing of used incident, and confidential employee follow-up.
needles.
• Any accidental exposure to a possible blood-borne
o Never recap used needles or otherwise manipulate
pathogen must be immediately reported to a supervisor.
them using both hands or use any other technique
• Evaluation of the incident must begin right away to ensure
that involves directing the point of a needle toward any
appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
part of the body; rather, use self-sheathing needles
or a mechanical device to conceal the needle. • The CDC provides periodically updated guidelines for the
o Do not remove used unsheathed needles from management of exposures and recommended PEP.
disposable syringes by hand, and do not bend, break,
or otherwise manipulate used needles by hand. E. BIOLOGIC WASTE DISPOSAL
GRANADA, SHENNEID B., BSMT(c) 2
Module 1: Introduction to Urinalysis Lesson 1: Importance of Analysis.................................. 47
Lesson 1: Biological Hazards ......................................... 1 Lesson 2: Components & Physiology ............................ 47
Lesson 2: Mode of Transmission .................................... 1 Lesson 3: Diarrhea ....................................................... 47
Lesson 3: Standard Precautions ..................................... 1 Lesson 4: Specimen Collection ..................................... 48
Lesson 4: Different Hazards ........................................... 3 Lesson 5: Macroscopic Examination ............................. 48
Lesson 5: Introduction to Urinalysis ................................ 4 Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 48
Module 2: Renal Function Lesson 7: Chemical Testing of Feces ............................ 48
Lesson 1: Stages of Urine Formation.............................. 7 Lesson 8: Fecal Enzymes ............................................. 49
Module 3: Macroscopic and Chemical Examination of Urine Module 13: Miscellaneous Body Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Types of Specimen Collection ...................... 11 Lesson 1: Introduction................................................... 50
Lesson 2: Physical Examination ................................... 11 Lesson 2: Specimen Collection and Handling ................ 50
Lesson 3: Chemical Examination .................................. 11 Lesson 3: Color and Appearance .................................. 50
Lesson 4: Miscellaneous Urine Tests............................ 13 Lesson 4: Diagnostic Tests ........................................... 50
Module 4: Microscopic Analysis of Urine Lesson 5: Vaginal Disorders ......................................... 51
Lesson 1: Preparation and Examination of Sediment .... 14 Module 14: Digestive System
Lesson 2: Casts ........................................................... 17 Lesson 1: Gastric Fluid Analysis ................................... 53
Lesson 3: Artifacts........................................................ 18 Lesson 2: Collection of the Specimen ........................... 53
Lesson 4: Crystals........................................................ 18 Lesson 3: Composition ................................................. 53
Module 5: Renal Disease Lesson 4: Macroscopic Examination ............................. 53
Lesson 1: Introduction .................................................. 20 Lesson 5: Chemical Examination .................................. 54
Lesson 2: Glomerular Disorders ................................... 20 Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 54
Lesson 3: Tubular Disorders......................................... 22
Lesson 4: Interstitial Disorders...................................... 23
Lesson 5: Vascular Disorders ....................................... 24
Module 6: Urine Screening for Metabolic Disorders
Lesson 1: Overflow Versus Renal Disorder ................... 25
Lesson 2: Amino Acid Disorders ................................... 25
Lesson 3: Tryptophan Disorders ................................... 26
Lesson 4: Cystine Disorder........................................... 26
Lesson 5: Porphyrin Disorders...................................... 27
Lesson 6: Mucopolysaccharide Disorders ..................... 27
Lesson 7: Purine Disorders .......................................... 28
Lesson 8: Carbohydrate Disorders ............................... 28
Lesson 9: Other Meliturias ............................................ 28
Module 7: Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Importance of Analysis ................................. 29
Lesson 2: Formation and Physiology ............................ 29
Lesson 3: Specimen Considerations ............................. 29
Lesson 4: Macroscopic Examination ............................. 30
Lesson 5: Chemical Examination .................................. 30
Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 31
Lesson 7: Microbiologic and Serologic Examination ...... 33
Lesson 8: Types of Meningitis ...................................... 33
Module 8: Semen Analysis
Lesson 1: Importance of Analysis ................................. 34
Lesson 2: Physiology ................................................... 34
Lesson 3: Specimen Collection..................................... 34
Lesson 4: Specimen Handling ...................................... 34
Lesson 5: Semen Analysis ........................................... 34
Lesson 6: Microscopic Examination .............................. 35
Lesson 7: Sperm Motility .............................................. 35
Lesson 8: Sperm Morphology ....................................... 35
Module 9: Synovial Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Definition & Physiology ................................. 37
Lesson 2: Specimen Collecting and Handling ............... 37
Lesson 3: Tests............................................................ 38
Module 10: Serous Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Introduction .................................................. 40
Lesson 2: Pleural Fluid ................................................. 41
Lesson 3: Pericardial Fluid ........................................... 42
Lesson 4: Peritoneal Fluid ............................................ 42
Module 11: Amniotic Fluid Analysis
Lesson 1: Physiology & Function .................................. 44
Lesson 2: Volume ........................................................ 44
Lesson 3: Specimen Collection & Handling ................... 44
Lesson 4: Tests for Fetal Diseases ............................... 44
Module 12: Fecal Analysis
GRANADA, SHENNEID B., BSMT(c)
, MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS
OUTLINE
I Biological Hazards
II Mode of Transmission
III Standard Precautions
A Engineering Controls
B Work Practice Controls
C Personal Protective Equipment
D Medical
E Biologic Waste Disposal
IV Different Hazards
A Sharp Hazards
B Chemical Hazards
i Chemical Spills & Exposure
ii Chemical Handling
iii Chemical Hygiene Plan
iv Chemical Labeling
v Material Safety Data Sheets
C Radioactive Hazards
D Electrical Hazards
E Fire/Explosive Hazards
V Introduction to Urinalysis
A Kidney Function
B Nephron
C Urine Formation
D Urine Composition
E Urine Volume
F Specimen Preservation
i Types of Preservation • In the clinical laboratory, the most direct contact with the
G Specimen Types source of infection is through contact with patient
specimen, although contact with patients and infected
objects also occurs.
I. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Preventing completion of the chain of infection is a primary
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
objective of biological safety by proper hand-washing
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
and wearing personal protective equipment.
Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory
HICPAC • Reservoir
Committee
o Location of potentially harmful microorganisms.
UP Universal Precautions
o A place where the infectious agent can live and
BSI Body Substance Isolation multiply.
NFPA National Fire Protection Association • Fomites
• Safety Procedure Manuals must be readily available in o Inanimate objects that can serve as a reservoir for
the laboratory that describes the safety policies mandated pathogenic microorganisms.
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), and strict adherence to these
II. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. Direct Contact
guidelines by laboratory personnel is essential.
Types of Safety Hazards
o Unprotected host touches the patient, specimen, or
Type Sources Possible Injury contaminated objects.
Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, 2. Airborne
Biologic Infectious Agents o Inhalation of dried aerosol particles circulating on
or Parasitic Infections
Cuts, Punctures or air currents or attached to dust particles.
Needles, Lancets,
Sharps Blood-Borne Pathogen 3. Droplet
Broken Glass
Exposure o Host inhales material from reservoir (e.g., aerosol
Exposure to toxic, droplets from a patient or uncapped centrifuge tube,
Preservatives &
Chemical carcinogenic, or or when specimens are aliquot or spilled).
Agents
causative agents 4. Vehicle
Equipment &
Radioactive Radiation Exposure o Ingestion of contaminated substances (e.g. food,
Radioisotopes
Ungrounded or Wet water, specimen)
Electrical Equipment; Frayed Burns or Shock 5. Vector
Cords o Animal or Insect Bites
Fire/ Open Flames, Organic Burns or In 1996, the CDC and the HICPAC combined the major features of
Explosive Chemicals Dismemberment Universal Precautions (UP) and Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Wet Floor, Heavy Falls, Sprains, or guidelines and called the new guidelines Standard Precautions.
Physical
Boxes, Patients Strains
• Infection Control III. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
o Procedures to control and monitor infections within an 1. Hand-Washing/Hand Hygiene
institution. o Hand hygiene includes both hand washing and the use
• Chain of Infections of alcohol – based antiseptic cleaners.
o Requires a continuous link between a source, a o Sanitize hands after touching blood, body fluids,
method of transmission and a susceptible host. secretions, excretions, and contaminated items
whether or not gloves are worn.
o Sanitize immediately after gloves are removed,
between patient contacts, and when otherwise
indicated to avoid transferring microorganisms to other
patients or environments.
GRANADA, SHENNEID B., BSMT(c) 1
, MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS
o Place used disposable syringes and needles, scalpel
blades, and other sharp items in appropriate
puncture-resistant containers, which are located as
close as practical to the area in which the items were
used, and place reusable syringes and needles in a
puncture-resistant container for transport to the
reprocessing area.
o Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or other
ventilation devices as an alternative to mouth to-
mouth resuscitation methods in areas where the need
for resuscitation is predictable.
9. Patient Placement
o Place a patient in a private room who contaminates the
environment or who does not (or cannot be expected
2. Gloves to) assist in maintaining appropriate hygiene or
o Wear gloves (clean, nonsterile gloves are adequate) environment control.
when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, o If a private room is not available, consult with infection
excretions, and contaminated items. control professionals regarding patient placement or
o Put on gloves just before touching mucous membranes other alternatives.
and nonintact skin. 10. Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
o Change gloves between tasks and procedures on the o Educate health-care personnel, patients, and visitors
same patient after contact with material that may to contain respiratory secretions to prevent droplet and
contain a high concentration of microorganisms. fomite transmission of respiratory pathogens.
3. Mouth, Nose, & Eye Protection o Offer masks to coughing patients, distance
o Wear a mask and eye protection or a face shield to symptomatic patients from others, and practice good
protect mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of respiratory
mouth during procedures and patient care activities pathogens.
that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood,
body fluids, secretions, or excretions.
o A specially fitted respirator (N95) must be used
A. ENGINEERING CONTROLS
during patient care activities related to suspected • Providing sharps disposal containers and needles with
mycobacterium exposure. safety devices.
4. Gown • Requires discarding of needles with the safety device
o Wear gown (clean, nonsterile gloves are adequate) to activated and the holder attached.
protect skin and to prevent soiling of clothing during • Labeling all bio-hazardous materials and containers.
procedures and patient care activities that are likely to
generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, B. WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS
secretions, or excretions. • Requiring all employees to practice Standard Precautions
o Wear Fluid – Resistant Gown and documenting training on annual basis.
5. Patient Care Equipment • Prohibiting eating, drinking, smoking, and applying
o Handle used patient care equipment soiled with blood, cosmetics in the work area.
body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that • Establishing a daily work surface disinfection protocol.
prevents skin and mucous membrane exposure,
clothing contamination, and transfer of microorganisms
C. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
to other patients or environments.
• Providing laboratory coats, gowns, face shields, and
o Ensure that reusable equipment is not used for the
gloves to employees and laundry facilities for non-
care of another patient until it has been cleaned and
disposable protective clothing.
reprocessed appropriately.
o Ensure that single-use items are discarded properly.
6. Environmental Control D. MEDICAL
o Ensure that the hospital has adequate procedures for • Providing immunization for the hepatitis B virus free of
the routine care, cleaning, and disinfection of charge.
environmental surfaces, beds, bedrails, bedside • Providing medical follow-up to employees who have been
equipment, and other frequently touched surfaces. accidentally exposed to blood-borne pathogens.
Ensure that these procedures are being followed.
7. Linen E. DOCUMENTATION
o Handle, transport, and process linen soiled with blood, • Documenting annual training of employees in safety
body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that standards.
prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures and • Documenting evaluations and implementation of safer
clothing contamination and that avoids the transfer of needle devices.
microorganisms to other patients and environments. • Involving employees in the selection and evaluation of new
8. Occupational Health & Blood-Borne Pathogens devices and maintaining a list of those employees and the
o Prevent injuries when using needles, scalpels, and evaluations.
other sharp instruments or devices; when handling • Maintaining a sharps injury log including the type and
sharp instruments after procedures; when cleaning brand of safety device, location and description of the
used instruments; and when disposing of used incident, and confidential employee follow-up.
needles.
• Any accidental exposure to a possible blood-borne
o Never recap used needles or otherwise manipulate
pathogen must be immediately reported to a supervisor.
them using both hands or use any other technique
• Evaluation of the incident must begin right away to ensure
that involves directing the point of a needle toward any
appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
part of the body; rather, use self-sheathing needles
or a mechanical device to conceal the needle. • The CDC provides periodically updated guidelines for the
o Do not remove used unsheathed needles from management of exposures and recommended PEP.
disposable syringes by hand, and do not bend, break,
or otherwise manipulate used needles by hand. E. BIOLOGIC WASTE DISPOSAL
GRANADA, SHENNEID B., BSMT(c) 2
