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psychology - (answer)the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
4 goals of psychology - (answer)1. description: who, what, when, and where
2. explain: why is it happening, theory
3. prediction: when will it happen again
4. control: how can behavior be changed
theory - (answer)a general explanation for a set of observations or facts
psych professional areas - (answer)clinical, cognitive, industrial/organizational, social and personality,
developmental
aristotle - (answer)connection between soul and body
more philosophical and less scientific
plato - (answer)dualism: body and soul are separate but interrelated
more philosophical and less scientific
rene descartes - (answer)modified dualism: mind and body have reciprocal interaction via pineal gland
more philosophical and less scientific
wilhelm wundt - (answer)"father of psychology"- made it a science
objective introspection
brought objectivity and measurement to psychology
studied nonphysical structure (thought, experiences, emotions) of mind
trained other scientists --> spread ideas
prolific writer
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may have faced critics, commitment, and funding issues
edward tichener - (answer)structuralist
brought wundt's ideas to US
focused on structure and basic elements of the mind
introspection about physical objects and thoughts
objective introspection - (answer)process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental
activities
study processes that were the result of physical sensations
functionalism - (answer)focus on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
"what is the function of something?"
william james - (answer)functionalist
stream of thought vs elements of mind
focused on adaption, living, working, playing
influenced by darwinism/natural selection
gestalt psychology - (answer)focus on perception and sensation
patterns and whole figures
believe people naturally seek out patterns/wholes in available sensory information
psychodynamic psychology - (answer)emphasizes the interplay between conscious and unconscious
forces
freud
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sigmund freud - (answer)focused on unconscious and early childhood
unconscious mind is part of the brain where things are happening that you can't access and isn't
acceptable for common life (aggression, sexual desire, etc.)
behavioral psychology - (answer)focus on observable behavior
pavlov, watson, skinner
ivan pavlov - (answer)conditioning
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
neutral stimulus, no conditioned response
conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
john b. watson - (answer)concerned about movement of psych away from scienctific inquiry
believed all behavior is learned via experience
believed fear is learned when a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus
little albert and animals
b.f. skinner - (answer)operant conditioning: explain how voluntary behavior is learned
punishment and reinforcement
positive: give something
negative: take something away
humanistic psychology - (answer)developed as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism
people have freedom to choose their own destiny
abraham maslow and carl rogers
cognitive psychology - (answer)process of thought