MGMT 3721 Test 2 Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2025-2026
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov's Dog - Answers Process whereby a stimulus-response bond is
developed between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response through the repeated
linking of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Law of Effect - Answers Responses accompanied or closely followed by reinforcement will be
more likely to occur; responses accompanied or closely followed by punishment will be less
likely to occur
Operant Conditioning - Answers Measures the effects of reinforcements (rewards) on desired
behavior
Social Learning Theory (Bandura) - Answers Process of molding behavior through the reciprocal
interaction of a person's cognitions, behavior, and environment
Reciprocal Determinism - Answers people control their own environment as much as the
environment controls people; learning is an interactive process in which the learner has at least
some control
Vicarious Learning (Observation) - Answers Learning take place through imitation of others; we
observe and analyze what another person does and the resulting consequences
Four Central Elements: - Answers Attention, Retention, Reproduction & Incentives
Reinforcement - Answers Anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited;
observable and often externally administered
Positive Reinforcement - Answers presenting someone with an attractive outcome following a
behavior; strengthens operant responses
Avoidance Learning (Negative Reinforcement) - Answers seeking to avoid an unpleasant
condition or outcome following a desired behavior
Extinction - Answers undesired behavior will decline as a result of a lack of positive
reinforcement
Punishment - Answers administration of unpleasant or adverse outcomes as a result of
undesired behavior
Continuous reinforcement - Answers rewards desired behavior every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement - Answers schedule rewards behavior at specific intervals or ratios, not
every time desired behavior occurs• Fixed Interval• Fixed Ratio• Variable Interval• Variable Ratio
Behavior Modification - Answers The use of Operant Conditioning principles to shape human
behavior to conform to desired standards defined by supervisors; technique for motivating
, employees
Behavioral Self Management (BSM) - Answers process of modifying one's own behavior by
systematically managing cues, cognitive processes, and contingent consequences; the
individual takes initiative to control the change process by using self-regulation and self-
monitoring (based on Bandura's Social Learning Theory)
Situational Cues - Answers Adding positive cues to the environment and avoiding negative cues
Cognitive Supports - Answers creation and use of psychological cues• Symbolic Coding,
Rehearsal & Self Talk
Behavioral Dilemmas - Answers substitution of positive low-probability behaviors (forgoing
immediate gratification) for high-probability behaviors; change short-term dysfunctional
behaviors into long-term beneficial behaviors
Self-Reinforcement - Answers self-recognition conditionally given based on clear attainment of
corrective action/behavior leading to performance standard accomplishments
Diversity - Answers identity-based differences among people that affect their lives as applicants,
employees and customers.
Surface-level diversity - Answers Readily visible characteristics including (but not limited to), age,
body size, visible disabilities, race or sex.
Deep-level diversity - Answers Non-observable characteristics such as attitudes, values and
beliefs, such as religion.
Hidden diversity - Answers Deep-level characteristics, but may be concealed or revealed at the
discretion of individuals who possess them i.e. sexual orientation.
Immigrant Workers - Answers supported by H-1B work visas - authorizing individuals to
permanently or temporarily live and work in the U.S.
Workers with Disabilities - Answers Physical and mental disability accommodations
Religious diversity - Answers religious belief accommodations
Workplace Discrimination - Answers when somebody is treated unfairly due to an identity group,
condition or personal characteristic
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Answers
Equal Pay Act of 1963 - Answers
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) - Answers Forbids discrimination against
individuals who are age 40 and above.
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov's Dog - Answers Process whereby a stimulus-response bond is
developed between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response through the repeated
linking of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Law of Effect - Answers Responses accompanied or closely followed by reinforcement will be
more likely to occur; responses accompanied or closely followed by punishment will be less
likely to occur
Operant Conditioning - Answers Measures the effects of reinforcements (rewards) on desired
behavior
Social Learning Theory (Bandura) - Answers Process of molding behavior through the reciprocal
interaction of a person's cognitions, behavior, and environment
Reciprocal Determinism - Answers people control their own environment as much as the
environment controls people; learning is an interactive process in which the learner has at least
some control
Vicarious Learning (Observation) - Answers Learning take place through imitation of others; we
observe and analyze what another person does and the resulting consequences
Four Central Elements: - Answers Attention, Retention, Reproduction & Incentives
Reinforcement - Answers Anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited;
observable and often externally administered
Positive Reinforcement - Answers presenting someone with an attractive outcome following a
behavior; strengthens operant responses
Avoidance Learning (Negative Reinforcement) - Answers seeking to avoid an unpleasant
condition or outcome following a desired behavior
Extinction - Answers undesired behavior will decline as a result of a lack of positive
reinforcement
Punishment - Answers administration of unpleasant or adverse outcomes as a result of
undesired behavior
Continuous reinforcement - Answers rewards desired behavior every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement - Answers schedule rewards behavior at specific intervals or ratios, not
every time desired behavior occurs• Fixed Interval• Fixed Ratio• Variable Interval• Variable Ratio
Behavior Modification - Answers The use of Operant Conditioning principles to shape human
behavior to conform to desired standards defined by supervisors; technique for motivating
, employees
Behavioral Self Management (BSM) - Answers process of modifying one's own behavior by
systematically managing cues, cognitive processes, and contingent consequences; the
individual takes initiative to control the change process by using self-regulation and self-
monitoring (based on Bandura's Social Learning Theory)
Situational Cues - Answers Adding positive cues to the environment and avoiding negative cues
Cognitive Supports - Answers creation and use of psychological cues• Symbolic Coding,
Rehearsal & Self Talk
Behavioral Dilemmas - Answers substitution of positive low-probability behaviors (forgoing
immediate gratification) for high-probability behaviors; change short-term dysfunctional
behaviors into long-term beneficial behaviors
Self-Reinforcement - Answers self-recognition conditionally given based on clear attainment of
corrective action/behavior leading to performance standard accomplishments
Diversity - Answers identity-based differences among people that affect their lives as applicants,
employees and customers.
Surface-level diversity - Answers Readily visible characteristics including (but not limited to), age,
body size, visible disabilities, race or sex.
Deep-level diversity - Answers Non-observable characteristics such as attitudes, values and
beliefs, such as religion.
Hidden diversity - Answers Deep-level characteristics, but may be concealed or revealed at the
discretion of individuals who possess them i.e. sexual orientation.
Immigrant Workers - Answers supported by H-1B work visas - authorizing individuals to
permanently or temporarily live and work in the U.S.
Workers with Disabilities - Answers Physical and mental disability accommodations
Religious diversity - Answers religious belief accommodations
Workplace Discrimination - Answers when somebody is treated unfairly due to an identity group,
condition or personal characteristic
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Answers
Equal Pay Act of 1963 - Answers
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) - Answers Forbids discrimination against
individuals who are age 40 and above.
