NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Respiratory acidosis arises from alveolar
hypoventilation; the lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2. The PaCO2 rises, creating an excess of
carbonic acid in the blood, which decreases pH. The kidneys compensate by increasing excretion of
metabolic acids in the urine, which increases blood bicarbonate. This compensatory process is slow,
often taking 24 hours to show clinical effect and 3 to 5 days to reach steady state. Decreased
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH and intracellular pH of brain cells cause decreased levels of consciousness.
Respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Respiratory alkalosis arises from alveolar
hyperventilation; the lungs excrete too much carbonic acid (CO2 and water). The PaCO2 falls, creating a
deficit of carbonic acid in the blood, which increases pH. Respiratory alkalosis usually is short lived; thus
the kidneys do not have time to compensate. When the pH of blood, CSF, and intracellular fluid
increases acutely, cell membrane excitability also increases, giving rise to neurological symptoms such as
excitement, confusion, and paresthesias. If the pH rises enough, central nervous system (CNS)
depression can occur.
metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolic acidosis occurs from an increase in
metabolic acid or a decrease in base (bicarbonate). The kidneys are unable to excrete enough metabolic
acids, which accumulate in the blood, or bicarbonate is removed from the body directly, as with
diarrhea. In either case, the blood HCO3− decreases, and the pH falls. With an increase in metabolic
acids, blood HCO3− decreases because it is used to buffer metabolic acids. Similarly, when patients have
conditions that cause the removal of HCO3−, the amount of HCO3− in the blood decreases. To help
identify the specific cause, health care providers and the laboratory calculate the anion gap, a reflection
of unmeasured anions in plasma. You calculate anion gap by subtracting the sum of plasma
concentrations of the anions Cl− and HCO3− from the plasma concentration of the cation Na+. When
reviewing laboratory reports, check the reference values from the laboratory that measured the
electrolyte concentrations.
metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolic alkalosis occurs from a direct increase in
base (HCO3−) or a decrease in metabolic acid, which increases blood HCO3− by releasing it from its
buffering function. Common causes include vomiting and gastric suction. The respiratory compensation
for metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation. The decreased rate and depth of respiration allow carbonic
acid to increase in the blood, as can be seen by an increased PaCO2. The need for oxygen may limit the
degree of respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis. Because HCO3− crosses the blood-brain
barrier with difficulty, neurological signs and symptoms are less severe or even absent with metabolic
alkalosis.
,NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
what are some nursing diagnosis for fluid imbalance? - CORRECT ANSWERS decreased cardiac
output
excessive fluid volume
risk for injury
acute confusion
risk for electrolyte imbalance
impaired gas exchange, deficient knowledge regarding disease managment
deficient fluid volume
A senior student nurse delegates the task of intake and output to a new nursing assistant. The student
will verify that the nursing assistant understands the task of I&O when the nursing assistant states,
A. "I will record the amount of all voided urine."
B. "I will not count liquid stools as output."
C. "I will not record a café mocha as intake."
D. "I will notate perspiration and record it as a small or large amount." - CORRECT ANSWERS A.
"I will record the amount of all voided urine."
what can you delegate to NAP ? - CORRECT ANSWERS Do not delegate administration of IV fluid
and hemodynamic assessment to NAP. When the patient is stable, you can delegate daily weights, I&O,
and direct physical care to NAP.
IV therapy: Circulatory overload - CORRECT ANSWERS A potentially dangerous complication of
IV therapy is circulatory overload with IV solution, which occurs when a patient receives too-rapid
administration or an excessive amount of fluids. Assessment findings depend on the type of IV solution
that infuses in excess. A potentially dangerous complication of IV therapy is circulatory overload with IV
solution, which occurs when a patient receives too-rapid administration or an excessive amount of
fluids. Assessment findings depend on the type of IV solution that infuses in excess.
,NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
infiltration - CORRECT ANSWERS Infiltration occurs when an IV catheter becomes dislodged or a
vein ruptures and IV fluids inadvertently enter subcutaneous tissue around the venipuncture site. When
the IV fluid contains additives that damage tissue, extravasation occurs.
Phlebitis - CORRECT ANSWERS Phlebitis (i.e., inflammation of a vein) results from chemical,
mechanical, or bacterial causes. Risk factors for phlebitis include acidic or hypertonic IV solutions; rapid
IV rate; IV drugs such as KCl, vancomycin, and penicillin; VAD inserted in area of flexion, poorly secured
catheter; poor hand hygiene; and lack of aseptic technique (Wallis et al., 2014). The typical signs of
inflammation (i.e., heat, erythema [redness], tenderness) occur along the course of the vein. Phlebitis
can be dangerous because blood clots (thrombophlebitis) form along the vein and in some cases cause
emboli. This may cause permanent damage to veins.
when should you discontinue an IV infusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS Discontinue IV access after
infusion of the prescribed amount of fluid; when infiltration, phlebitis, or local infection occurs; or if the
IV catheter develops a thrombus at its tip.
what is the objective of blood transfusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS Objectives for administering
blood transfusions include (1) increasing circulating blood volume after surgery, trauma, or hemorrhage;
(2) increasing the number of RBCs and maintaining hemoglobin levels in patients with severe anemia;
and (3) providing selected cellular components as replacement therapy (e.g., clotting factors, platelets,
albumin).
When you suspect acute intravascular hemolysis, do the following: - CORRECT ANSWERS Stop
the transfusion immediately.
Keep the IV line open by replacing the IV tubing down to the catheter hub with new tubing and running
0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline).
Do not turn off the blood and simply turn on the 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) that is connected
to the Y-tubing infusion set. This would cause blood remaining in the IV tubing to infuse into the patient.
Even a small amount of mismatched blood can cause a major reaction.
Immediately notify the health care provider or emergency response team.
Remain with the patient, observing signs and symptoms and monitoring vital signs as often as every 5
minutes.
, NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Prepare to administer emergency drugs such as antihistamines, vasopressors, fluids, and corticosteroids
per health care provider order or protocol.
Prepare to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Save the blood container, tubing, attached labels, and transfusion record for return to the blood bank.
the importance of Allen's test and venipunture? - CORRECT ANSWERS The Allen test ensures
that the patient will have adequate blood flow to the hand if the radial artery is damaged. If color does
not return, do not perform radial artery puncture on that arm. After the ABG puncture, apply pressure
to the puncture site for at least 5 minutes to reduce the risk of hematoma formation. A longer time is
necessary if the patient takes anticoagulant medications.
Fluid distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS in Adults 2/3 of total body water in in ICF while 1/3 is in
the ECF
The ECF is divided into interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid.
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults: sodium - CORRECT ANSWERS 136-145 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults Potassium - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults chloride - CORRECT ANSWERS 98-106 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults CO2 - CORRECT ANSWERS 22-30 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults Bicarbonate - CORRECT ANSWERS 24-30 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults calcium ions - CORRECT ANSWERS 4.5-5.3 mg/dL
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Respiratory acidosis arises from alveolar
hypoventilation; the lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2. The PaCO2 rises, creating an excess of
carbonic acid in the blood, which decreases pH. The kidneys compensate by increasing excretion of
metabolic acids in the urine, which increases blood bicarbonate. This compensatory process is slow,
often taking 24 hours to show clinical effect and 3 to 5 days to reach steady state. Decreased
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH and intracellular pH of brain cells cause decreased levels of consciousness.
Respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Respiratory alkalosis arises from alveolar
hyperventilation; the lungs excrete too much carbonic acid (CO2 and water). The PaCO2 falls, creating a
deficit of carbonic acid in the blood, which increases pH. Respiratory alkalosis usually is short lived; thus
the kidneys do not have time to compensate. When the pH of blood, CSF, and intracellular fluid
increases acutely, cell membrane excitability also increases, giving rise to neurological symptoms such as
excitement, confusion, and paresthesias. If the pH rises enough, central nervous system (CNS)
depression can occur.
metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolic acidosis occurs from an increase in
metabolic acid or a decrease in base (bicarbonate). The kidneys are unable to excrete enough metabolic
acids, which accumulate in the blood, or bicarbonate is removed from the body directly, as with
diarrhea. In either case, the blood HCO3− decreases, and the pH falls. With an increase in metabolic
acids, blood HCO3− decreases because it is used to buffer metabolic acids. Similarly, when patients have
conditions that cause the removal of HCO3−, the amount of HCO3− in the blood decreases. To help
identify the specific cause, health care providers and the laboratory calculate the anion gap, a reflection
of unmeasured anions in plasma. You calculate anion gap by subtracting the sum of plasma
concentrations of the anions Cl− and HCO3− from the plasma concentration of the cation Na+. When
reviewing laboratory reports, check the reference values from the laboratory that measured the
electrolyte concentrations.
metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolic alkalosis occurs from a direct increase in
base (HCO3−) or a decrease in metabolic acid, which increases blood HCO3− by releasing it from its
buffering function. Common causes include vomiting and gastric suction. The respiratory compensation
for metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation. The decreased rate and depth of respiration allow carbonic
acid to increase in the blood, as can be seen by an increased PaCO2. The need for oxygen may limit the
degree of respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis. Because HCO3− crosses the blood-brain
barrier with difficulty, neurological signs and symptoms are less severe or even absent with metabolic
alkalosis.
,NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
what are some nursing diagnosis for fluid imbalance? - CORRECT ANSWERS decreased cardiac
output
excessive fluid volume
risk for injury
acute confusion
risk for electrolyte imbalance
impaired gas exchange, deficient knowledge regarding disease managment
deficient fluid volume
A senior student nurse delegates the task of intake and output to a new nursing assistant. The student
will verify that the nursing assistant understands the task of I&O when the nursing assistant states,
A. "I will record the amount of all voided urine."
B. "I will not count liquid stools as output."
C. "I will not record a café mocha as intake."
D. "I will notate perspiration and record it as a small or large amount." - CORRECT ANSWERS A.
"I will record the amount of all voided urine."
what can you delegate to NAP ? - CORRECT ANSWERS Do not delegate administration of IV fluid
and hemodynamic assessment to NAP. When the patient is stable, you can delegate daily weights, I&O,
and direct physical care to NAP.
IV therapy: Circulatory overload - CORRECT ANSWERS A potentially dangerous complication of
IV therapy is circulatory overload with IV solution, which occurs when a patient receives too-rapid
administration or an excessive amount of fluids. Assessment findings depend on the type of IV solution
that infuses in excess. A potentially dangerous complication of IV therapy is circulatory overload with IV
solution, which occurs when a patient receives too-rapid administration or an excessive amount of
fluids. Assessment findings depend on the type of IV solution that infuses in excess.
,NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
infiltration - CORRECT ANSWERS Infiltration occurs when an IV catheter becomes dislodged or a
vein ruptures and IV fluids inadvertently enter subcutaneous tissue around the venipuncture site. When
the IV fluid contains additives that damage tissue, extravasation occurs.
Phlebitis - CORRECT ANSWERS Phlebitis (i.e., inflammation of a vein) results from chemical,
mechanical, or bacterial causes. Risk factors for phlebitis include acidic or hypertonic IV solutions; rapid
IV rate; IV drugs such as KCl, vancomycin, and penicillin; VAD inserted in area of flexion, poorly secured
catheter; poor hand hygiene; and lack of aseptic technique (Wallis et al., 2014). The typical signs of
inflammation (i.e., heat, erythema [redness], tenderness) occur along the course of the vein. Phlebitis
can be dangerous because blood clots (thrombophlebitis) form along the vein and in some cases cause
emboli. This may cause permanent damage to veins.
when should you discontinue an IV infusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS Discontinue IV access after
infusion of the prescribed amount of fluid; when infiltration, phlebitis, or local infection occurs; or if the
IV catheter develops a thrombus at its tip.
what is the objective of blood transfusion? - CORRECT ANSWERS Objectives for administering
blood transfusions include (1) increasing circulating blood volume after surgery, trauma, or hemorrhage;
(2) increasing the number of RBCs and maintaining hemoglobin levels in patients with severe anemia;
and (3) providing selected cellular components as replacement therapy (e.g., clotting factors, platelets,
albumin).
When you suspect acute intravascular hemolysis, do the following: - CORRECT ANSWERS Stop
the transfusion immediately.
Keep the IV line open by replacing the IV tubing down to the catheter hub with new tubing and running
0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline).
Do not turn off the blood and simply turn on the 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) that is connected
to the Y-tubing infusion set. This would cause blood remaining in the IV tubing to infuse into the patient.
Even a small amount of mismatched blood can cause a major reaction.
Immediately notify the health care provider or emergency response team.
Remain with the patient, observing signs and symptoms and monitoring vital signs as often as every 5
minutes.
, NR - 226 NURSE FUNDAMENTALS EXAM 2 : ELDERLY, SLEEP,
ELECTROLYES QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION WITH
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS RATED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Prepare to administer emergency drugs such as antihistamines, vasopressors, fluids, and corticosteroids
per health care provider order or protocol.
Prepare to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Save the blood container, tubing, attached labels, and transfusion record for return to the blood bank.
the importance of Allen's test and venipunture? - CORRECT ANSWERS The Allen test ensures
that the patient will have adequate blood flow to the hand if the radial artery is damaged. If color does
not return, do not perform radial artery puncture on that arm. After the ABG puncture, apply pressure
to the puncture site for at least 5 minutes to reduce the risk of hematoma formation. A longer time is
necessary if the patient takes anticoagulant medications.
Fluid distribution - CORRECT ANSWERS in Adults 2/3 of total body water in in ICF while 1/3 is in
the ECF
The ECF is divided into interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid.
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults: sodium - CORRECT ANSWERS 136-145 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults Potassium - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults chloride - CORRECT ANSWERS 98-106 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults CO2 - CORRECT ANSWERS 22-30 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults Bicarbonate - CORRECT ANSWERS 24-30 mEq/L
Laboratory Normal Values for Adults calcium ions - CORRECT ANSWERS 4.5-5.3 mg/dL
