Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
1. *Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*:
2. Risk: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
3. Prevalence: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a disease.
Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence
rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
4. Incidence: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being diagnosed with a
disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
5. Ratio: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is
contained within the other.
6. Primary Prevention: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
7. Secondary Prevention: Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
8. Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective function-
ing
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
9. Epidemiology: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence, incidence,
prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
10. Endemic: A disease theat is native to a local region
11. Epidemic: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
, Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
12. Pandemic: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
13. *Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*:
14. Homeostasis: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
15. Exhausation: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to
noxious agents
16. Allostatic Overload: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated
allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
17. Adaptation: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances,
internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
18. Arousal: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reac-
tivity, and to changes in motor activity
19. Function of Cortisol: Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
20. *Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*:
21. Endocrine Communication: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
22. Neurocrine Communication: Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
23. Paracrine Communcation: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
24. Autocrine Communcation: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
, Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
25. Describe an Action Potential: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage changes
across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial
segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
26. Describe a Resting Action Potential: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across
plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
27. Take Home Message About Action Potentials: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by
K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
28. Depolarization: As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside the
cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is
complete.
This triggers the action potential
29. Repolarization: Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux increases
In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
, Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
30. Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential: Depolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane more negative
31. Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential: Hyperpolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)
32. *Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death*:
33. Hyperplasia: Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division
-Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation
-Other causes: persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells
-Usually result from increased functional demand
34. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to
physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
-General cause:increased cellular protein content
-Usually result from increased functional demand
35. Dysplasia: Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement
-Represents an adaptive effort gone astray
-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions)
-Result from a persistant injury
36. Metaplasia: Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious
stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury
37. Necrosis: Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
-Loss of function
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
1. *Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*:
2. Risk: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
3. Prevalence: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a disease.
Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence
rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
4. Incidence: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being diagnosed with a
disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
5. Ratio: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is
contained within the other.
6. Primary Prevention: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
7. Secondary Prevention: Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
8. Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective function-
ing
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
9. Epidemiology: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence, incidence,
prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
10. Endemic: A disease theat is native to a local region
11. Epidemic: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
, Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
12. Pandemic: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
13. *Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*:
14. Homeostasis: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
15. Exhausation: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to
noxious agents
16. Allostatic Overload: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated
allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
17. Adaptation: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances,
internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
18. Arousal: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reac-
tivity, and to changes in motor activity
19. Function of Cortisol: Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
20. *Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*:
21. Endocrine Communication: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
22. Neurocrine Communication: Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
23. Paracrine Communcation: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
24. Autocrine Communcation: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
, Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
25. Describe an Action Potential: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage changes
across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial
segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
26. Describe a Resting Action Potential: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across
plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
27. Take Home Message About Action Potentials: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by
K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
28. Depolarization: As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside the
cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is
complete.
This triggers the action potential
29. Repolarization: Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux increases
In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
, Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1, Regis College NU606 Quiz 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9b2vp8
30. Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential: Depolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane more negative
31. Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential: Hyperpolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)
32. *Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death*:
33. Hyperplasia: Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division
-Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation
-Other causes: persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells
-Usually result from increased functional demand
34. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to
physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
-General cause:increased cellular protein content
-Usually result from increased functional demand
35. Dysplasia: Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement
-Represents an adaptive effort gone astray
-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions)
-Result from a persistant injury
36. Metaplasia: Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious
stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury
37. Necrosis: Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
-Loss of function
