Exam #1 Review
Healthy people & social determinants of health
Healthy people 2010
1. Health is a interaction between an individual’s biology and behavior, physical and social
environments, government policies and interventions, and access to quality health care.
Healthy people 2020 describes determinants of health as:
1. Lives free from preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
1. Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities
2. Promote good health for all
3. Promote healthy behaviors across the life span
2. The most current version is healthy people 2030
1. Says social determinates of health have a major impact on health and well-being. They are a
key focus of healthy people 2030.
Disease process & the steps involved in the development of disease.
Etiology- Cause
o Can be:
Biological agents (Ex. Bacteria, Viruses)
Physical forces (Ex. Trauma, burns, radiation)
Chemical agents (Ex. Poisons, alcohol)
Nutritional excess or deficits (Ex. Metabolic syndrome caused by obesity)
Pathogenesis- How it develops
o The mechanism through which the cause leads to the disease.
o Involves changes at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels.
o Example: In diabetes, insulin resistance → high blood glucose → tissue damage
Morphological changes- Structure of a cell
o Structural alterations in cells/tissues caused by disease (seen under microscope
or imaging).
, o Example: In cancer, cells show nuclear atypia and disorganized tissue
architecture.
Clinical Manifestations- Signs and symptoms
o Sign= What the examiner sees
o Symptom= What the patient reports
o Signs and symptoms the patient experiences.
o These are the outward effects of the underlying pathologic changes.
o Example: Fever, pain, rash, fatigue.
Diagnosis- Identification of a disease
o Identifying the disease based on clinical data, lab tests, imaging, and
histopathology.
Clinical course- Evolution of a disease
o Complications / Sequelae
o Possible secondary effects or outcomes of a disease.
o Example: Stroke is a complication of untreated hypertension
o Prognosis
The likely outcome or course of the disease.
Includes chances of recovery, disability, or death.
Disease prevention
(LOOK AT ATTACHED SHEET ON DISEASE PREVENTION!!)
Malignant vs benign tumors
(LOOK AT ATTACHED COMPARISION SHEET!!)
Cell injury
Cell injury refers to a state where a cell’s normal structure or function is disrupted due to harmful
stimuli. If the damage is mild or short-lived, the cell can recover (reversible injury). If severe or
prolonged, it may lead to irreversible injury, resulting in cell death.
Reversible Cell Injury
The early stage of damage, where cells can return to normal if the stressor is
removed.
, Features:
Cellular swelling (due to failure of ion pumps)
Impairment of the energy dependent NA+/ K+ ATPase membrane pump, usually as
the result of hypoxic cell injury.
Fatty change (especially in liver cells)
Linked to intracellular accumulation of fat. Usually indicates more severe injury than
cellular swelling.
Irreversible Cell Injury
Damage is beyond repair and leads to cell death (via necrosis or apoptosis).
Features:
Severe mitochondrial damage (↓ ATP)
Massive membrane damage
Leakage of enzymes
Nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis)
Hypoxic Cell injury
Occurs when the cell is deprived of oxygen thus interrupting oxidative metabolism
and the generation of ATP
The longer the tissue is hypoxic, the greater chance of irreversible cellular injury
The more oxygen dependent the quicker there is permeant damage after 4-6 mins
Causes of hypoxia
Inadequate amount of oxygen in the air
Respiratory disease
Inability of the cells to use oxygen
Edema
Ischemia (Cardiac arrest, blockage of flow to tissue)
Programed cell death
AKA Apoptosis, which means Cell death
Occurs normally during development and aging as a form of homeostasis
This process eliminates cells that are:
Worn out
Have been produced in excess
Have developed improperly
Have genetic damage
Causes of cell injury
Injury from physical agents
Mechanical forces (Moter vehicle accidents, falls)
Healthy people & social determinants of health
Healthy people 2010
1. Health is a interaction between an individual’s biology and behavior, physical and social
environments, government policies and interventions, and access to quality health care.
Healthy people 2020 describes determinants of health as:
1. Lives free from preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
1. Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities
2. Promote good health for all
3. Promote healthy behaviors across the life span
2. The most current version is healthy people 2030
1. Says social determinates of health have a major impact on health and well-being. They are a
key focus of healthy people 2030.
Disease process & the steps involved in the development of disease.
Etiology- Cause
o Can be:
Biological agents (Ex. Bacteria, Viruses)
Physical forces (Ex. Trauma, burns, radiation)
Chemical agents (Ex. Poisons, alcohol)
Nutritional excess or deficits (Ex. Metabolic syndrome caused by obesity)
Pathogenesis- How it develops
o The mechanism through which the cause leads to the disease.
o Involves changes at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels.
o Example: In diabetes, insulin resistance → high blood glucose → tissue damage
Morphological changes- Structure of a cell
o Structural alterations in cells/tissues caused by disease (seen under microscope
or imaging).
, o Example: In cancer, cells show nuclear atypia and disorganized tissue
architecture.
Clinical Manifestations- Signs and symptoms
o Sign= What the examiner sees
o Symptom= What the patient reports
o Signs and symptoms the patient experiences.
o These are the outward effects of the underlying pathologic changes.
o Example: Fever, pain, rash, fatigue.
Diagnosis- Identification of a disease
o Identifying the disease based on clinical data, lab tests, imaging, and
histopathology.
Clinical course- Evolution of a disease
o Complications / Sequelae
o Possible secondary effects or outcomes of a disease.
o Example: Stroke is a complication of untreated hypertension
o Prognosis
The likely outcome or course of the disease.
Includes chances of recovery, disability, or death.
Disease prevention
(LOOK AT ATTACHED SHEET ON DISEASE PREVENTION!!)
Malignant vs benign tumors
(LOOK AT ATTACHED COMPARISION SHEET!!)
Cell injury
Cell injury refers to a state where a cell’s normal structure or function is disrupted due to harmful
stimuli. If the damage is mild or short-lived, the cell can recover (reversible injury). If severe or
prolonged, it may lead to irreversible injury, resulting in cell death.
Reversible Cell Injury
The early stage of damage, where cells can return to normal if the stressor is
removed.
, Features:
Cellular swelling (due to failure of ion pumps)
Impairment of the energy dependent NA+/ K+ ATPase membrane pump, usually as
the result of hypoxic cell injury.
Fatty change (especially in liver cells)
Linked to intracellular accumulation of fat. Usually indicates more severe injury than
cellular swelling.
Irreversible Cell Injury
Damage is beyond repair and leads to cell death (via necrosis or apoptosis).
Features:
Severe mitochondrial damage (↓ ATP)
Massive membrane damage
Leakage of enzymes
Nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis)
Hypoxic Cell injury
Occurs when the cell is deprived of oxygen thus interrupting oxidative metabolism
and the generation of ATP
The longer the tissue is hypoxic, the greater chance of irreversible cellular injury
The more oxygen dependent the quicker there is permeant damage after 4-6 mins
Causes of hypoxia
Inadequate amount of oxygen in the air
Respiratory disease
Inability of the cells to use oxygen
Edema
Ischemia (Cardiac arrest, blockage of flow to tissue)
Programed cell death
AKA Apoptosis, which means Cell death
Occurs normally during development and aging as a form of homeostasis
This process eliminates cells that are:
Worn out
Have been produced in excess
Have developed improperly
Have genetic damage
Causes of cell injury
Injury from physical agents
Mechanical forces (Moter vehicle accidents, falls)
