Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for
Disease in Adults & Children
1. Discuss genetic testing and its implications. When might you recommend genetic testing? -
ANSWERS
1.What is the role of the cell membrane - ANSWERSExpress self-antigens to prevent auto-
immune responses & Control the intercellular environment
2. What happens if mRNA is genetically damaged? - ANSWERSPotential for coded protein to be
damaged
3. What would happen if the Endoplasmic Reticulum was damaged? - ANSWERSproteins could
be malformed, rejected, or not sent to Golgi Apparatus, causing multiple pathologies without
the ER or genetically altered ER. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) supports homeostasis in the
cell and subsequently in the body. It is the organelle responsible for folding newly synthesized
proteins before they are exported to the Golgi Apparatus for packing and shipping. Another
important function of the ER is helping to regulate the calcium-ROS balance. Lipid biosynthesis
is a third role the ER plays in the cell.
4. What pathology would you expect if the cytoskeleton the cilia were paralyzed by cigarette
smoke? - ANSWERSDisrupt the intercellular movement and cellular motility by their effect on
microtubules and microfilaments
Mr. Turin had a severe crush injury of both lower extremities when his house collapsed during a
tornado. Among other abnormal values, Why and what are the implications for the health care
provider? - ANSWERShis laboratory tests showed elevated potassium in his blood? Monitor his
heart making sure potassium is not elevated.
, Mr. Sheehan has bilateral ankle edema from congestive heart failure. "Are my ankles inflamed?
He asks. I know inflammation causes swelling." Explain the ankle edema r/t CHF. -
ANSWERSYour ankles are swollen because of excess fluid, not inflammation. Fluid is in your
interstitial space, rather than in your blood vessels. Congestive heart failure often results in
diminished kidney function and therefore poor elimination of fluid from the body
Miss K had an isotonic fluid imbalance. What history and lab values would support this? -
ANSWERS
Mr. Winsome has diabetic ketoacidosis. His mother wants him to rebreathe because she is
afraid he is hyperventilating and read that the solution for breathing so fast is to rebreathe in a
paper bag. What do you tell her? - ANSWERSYou would be correct if the reason your son was
breathing so fast was because of anxiety or fear but in this case his rapid breathing is because
he has a condition called acidosis meaning the blood is more acidic than usual. Carbon dioxide
is the gas we breathe off when exhale and one way the body gets rid of too much acid. So he
needs to breath fast to help get rid of the excess acid in his blood. The lungs automatically are
signaled to compensate for too much acid in the blood by increasing the breathing rate. So until
the excess acid is removed from his blood by the kidneys and lungs, this rapid breathing rate is
beneficial.
5. What IV fluid would be best for rehydrating Miss K? Would you be concerned about any
electrolytes prior to and/or after rehydrating Miss K? - ANSWERS
If cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive like PKU, why can't they manage it by diet? - ANSWERS
2. What does dizygotic mean and why is this important to understand when looking at genetic
vs. epigenetic causes of a pathology? - ANSWERS
Contains a cell membrane with pores so when DNA is activated that codes for a new protein, a
message via mRNA can quickly move to a ribosome. Primary role is to house and protect genetic
codes (DNA) - ANSWERSNucleus
Disease in Adults & Children
1. Discuss genetic testing and its implications. When might you recommend genetic testing? -
ANSWERS
1.What is the role of the cell membrane - ANSWERSExpress self-antigens to prevent auto-
immune responses & Control the intercellular environment
2. What happens if mRNA is genetically damaged? - ANSWERSPotential for coded protein to be
damaged
3. What would happen if the Endoplasmic Reticulum was damaged? - ANSWERSproteins could
be malformed, rejected, or not sent to Golgi Apparatus, causing multiple pathologies without
the ER or genetically altered ER. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) supports homeostasis in the
cell and subsequently in the body. It is the organelle responsible for folding newly synthesized
proteins before they are exported to the Golgi Apparatus for packing and shipping. Another
important function of the ER is helping to regulate the calcium-ROS balance. Lipid biosynthesis
is a third role the ER plays in the cell.
4. What pathology would you expect if the cytoskeleton the cilia were paralyzed by cigarette
smoke? - ANSWERSDisrupt the intercellular movement and cellular motility by their effect on
microtubules and microfilaments
Mr. Turin had a severe crush injury of both lower extremities when his house collapsed during a
tornado. Among other abnormal values, Why and what are the implications for the health care
provider? - ANSWERShis laboratory tests showed elevated potassium in his blood? Monitor his
heart making sure potassium is not elevated.
, Mr. Sheehan has bilateral ankle edema from congestive heart failure. "Are my ankles inflamed?
He asks. I know inflammation causes swelling." Explain the ankle edema r/t CHF. -
ANSWERSYour ankles are swollen because of excess fluid, not inflammation. Fluid is in your
interstitial space, rather than in your blood vessels. Congestive heart failure often results in
diminished kidney function and therefore poor elimination of fluid from the body
Miss K had an isotonic fluid imbalance. What history and lab values would support this? -
ANSWERS
Mr. Winsome has diabetic ketoacidosis. His mother wants him to rebreathe because she is
afraid he is hyperventilating and read that the solution for breathing so fast is to rebreathe in a
paper bag. What do you tell her? - ANSWERSYou would be correct if the reason your son was
breathing so fast was because of anxiety or fear but in this case his rapid breathing is because
he has a condition called acidosis meaning the blood is more acidic than usual. Carbon dioxide
is the gas we breathe off when exhale and one way the body gets rid of too much acid. So he
needs to breath fast to help get rid of the excess acid in his blood. The lungs automatically are
signaled to compensate for too much acid in the blood by increasing the breathing rate. So until
the excess acid is removed from his blood by the kidneys and lungs, this rapid breathing rate is
beneficial.
5. What IV fluid would be best for rehydrating Miss K? Would you be concerned about any
electrolytes prior to and/or after rehydrating Miss K? - ANSWERS
If cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive like PKU, why can't they manage it by diet? - ANSWERS
2. What does dizygotic mean and why is this important to understand when looking at genetic
vs. epigenetic causes of a pathology? - ANSWERS
Contains a cell membrane with pores so when DNA is activated that codes for a new protein, a
message via mRNA can quickly move to a ribosome. Primary role is to house and protect genetic
codes (DNA) - ANSWERSNucleus
