ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Call: 0347-9185544
Main Allahabad Bazar, Westridge III, Rawalpindi.
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, ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Alphabet: The alphabet of English is composed of 26 letters. There are two classes of alphabet:
1. Vowel: There are 5 vowels. i.e. a,e,i,o,u (There is no disturbance or resistance while producing vowel sounds.)
- Vowels are produced freely without obstruction (block) in air flow. They can be pronounced with our mouths open.
2. Consonants: Remaining 21 letters are called consonants. i.e. b,c,d,f….z
- There is some obstruction in the air flow while producing consonant sounds.
Sounds in English: There are 44 sounds in English language. It contains 20 vowel sounds while 24 consonant sounds.
Word: Letters combine to form words. E.g: chair, boy, smelly, intelligent, cat etc.
Main parts of a sentence: There are three main parts of sentences. i.e Subject, Object and Verb.
1. Subject: It is the doer of an action or something we are talking about.
2. Object: It is something on which action is being done.
3. Verb: It is an action. It can also show possession or what the subject is. Verb also shows tense.
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object
Ahmed ate pasta. I opened the box. We attended the party.
John drank beer Tim and Kim sang a song. They closed the door.
She cleaned the floor. He drove his car. I kick the ball.
We bake a cake You brush your hairs. They grow plants.
She holds the kitten. He reads his essay. Polly decorates her book.
Tom makes a mistake She will write a poem. He will win the race.
We picked flowers. He took Tea. They will play the game.
- Sentences can be completed without an object. Following sentences don’t have objects.
E.g: • They are painting. • Ahmed ate quickly. • Singing is her passion. • The Sun is shining brightly. • She wept.
- Apparently, imperative sentences lack subjects. So, a sentence can be considered complete without subject even.
E.g: • Never misbehave with your elders. • Get out. • Please! Help me. • Close the door. • Always respect your teachers.
- A sentence can never be completed without a verb. (Except few: like • Best of luck!)
E.g: • She is a doctor. • I have curly hairs. • Go away. • He is dancing. • Make a cup of tea for me. • May you prosper!
Exercise-1: Identify the underlined words as ‘subject’, ‘object’, ‘verb’ or ‘none of these’.
1. Barking dogs¹ seldom² bite³. 2. Do⁴ good with others⁵. 3. Pakistan⁶ is progressing⁷ by leaps and bounds⁸. 4. Ahmed⁹
completed¹⁰ his work¹¹. 5. Ali¹² helps¹³ me¹⁴. 6. Helping others¹⁵ is¹⁶ my passion¹⁷. 7. He¹⁸ looks¹⁹ happy²⁰. 8. I²¹ love²²
swimming²³. 9. Reading²⁴ is²⁵ my favorite hobby²⁶. 10. America²⁷ was discovered²⁸ by Columbus²⁹. 11. Pick³⁰ the books³¹
up³². 12. Listen³³ to your teachers³⁴. 13. The Sun³⁵ shone³⁶ all the day³⁷. 14. Ahmed³⁸ teased³⁹ me⁴⁰. 15. Allah⁴¹ is⁴² the best
planner⁴³. 16. Ahmed⁴⁴ always⁴⁵ goes to the bank⁴⁶ in the morning⁴⁷. 17. They⁴⁸ went⁴⁹ on Sunday night⁵⁰.
Answers: 1. Subject 2. None of these 3. Verb 4. Verb 5. Object 6. Subject 7. Verb 8. None of these 9. Subject 10. Verb 11. Object 12. Subject 13. Verb 14. Object 15. Subject
16. Verb 17. None of these 18. Subject 19. Verb 20. None of these 21. Subject 22. Verb 23. Object 24. Subject 25. Verb 26. None of these 27. Subject 28. Verb 29. Object 30.
Verb 31. Object 32. None of these 33. Verb 34. Object 35. Subject 36. Verb 37. None of these 38. Subject 39. Verb 40. Object 41. Subject 42. Verb 43. None of these 44.
Subject 45. None of these 46. Object 47. None of these 48. Subject 49. Verb 50. None of these
Words can combine to form phrase, clause, predicate or sentence.
Phrase: A group of words that makes sense, but not complete sense is called a phrase. E.g: in the room, on the table. etc
A phrase can be formed when
1) Both subject and verb are absent: E.g; in the bazar, along the road, on the table etc.
2) Subject is absent and verb is present: E.g; cooking the meal, going out, talking with the man etc.
3) Verb is absent and subject is present: E.g; Fishes in the water, the cat under the chair, the boy on roof etc.
Clause: A group of words which is part of a sentence, and contains subject and verb of its own, is called as clause. It may
have complete meanings (like in independent clauses) or incomplete meanings (like in dependent clauses).
E.g: (Underlined groups of words are clauses)
• (Salman likes tea) but (Faizan prefers coffee). • (Ayan is an intelligent boy) but (he is lazy). • (Pakistan is progressing)
by leaps and bounds. • (He ran away) (when I came). • (Go away) or (I will call the police). • (Come) an (sit).
In last sentence, there are two clauses. Both do not have the subject apparently. But actually the subject is present
(in the background). The speaker told to come and sit to Second Person (You) who is being addressed.
Predicate: Every sentence has two parts. i.e. Subject and Predicate. The part of sentence (except subject) that tells about
subject is called Predicate. (Underlined groups of words are predicates)
E.g: • Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. • The Earth revolves around the sun. • Salman is a talkative boy but Adnan
doesn’t like to speak. • The man with blue hat, brown shoes, blond hairs and black coat is my uncle.
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, ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Sentence: A group of words that make complete sense is called sentence. It ends with a full stop (.), exclamation mark (!)
or a question mark (?).
E.g: • God is one. • He is not working hard. • Do you like apples? • Go out. • What a beautiful weather!
Exercise-2: Identify the underlined group of words as phrase, clause or predicate.
1. He jumped in the water to save the drowning boy. 2. Our class consists of 40 students. 3. Play the video game or put the
remote here. 4. We couldn’t open the door so we called the locksmith. 5. The last chapter of the book disappointed us all.
6. He was talking to someone while knocking at the door. 7. Eat it happily or cry. 8. Ahmed sings and Sara dances. 9. She
wept. 10. Working in the morning is an amazing experience. 11. Experience is more important than talent. 12. He was
outside for half an hour. 13. The old man told me a story. 14. You have no right to claim it. 15. Come in the morning.
Answers: 1. Phrase 2. Predicate 3. Clause 4. Clause 5. Predicate 6. Phrase 7. Clause 8. Clause 9. Predicate 10. Phrase 11. Clause 12. Phrase 13. Predicate 14. Clause 15. Phrase
KINDS OF SENTENCES: There are 5 types of sentences.
1. Assertive/Declarative Sentence: It is a sentence that makes a statement. It provides information about something or
state facts. These sentences ends up with a full stop. There are two kinds of assertive sentences.
A) Affirmative/Positive Sentence: A sentence that gives positive statement.
E.g:• He goes to college everyday. • Ahmed is upset. • Arslan is a toxic and rude guy. • Aaliyan loves painting.
B) Negative Sentence: A sentence that gives negative statement. Negative words like not, never, neither etc. are used.
E.g: • He does not go to college everyday. • She never comes in late. • Neither Ali nor Ahmed are interested.
• Nobody is here. • They do not focus on their studies. • Pakistan is not progressing.
2. Interrogative Sentence: These sentences ask a question. They end up with question marks (?).
E.g: • Does he go to college everyday? • May I help you? • You are going to Lahore, aren’t you? • Where do you live?
3. Imperative Sentence: A sentence that expresses an order, request or advice is called imperative sentence. In these
sentences, always base form of the verb is used. The verb is often used in start of sentences. Moreover, these
sentences apparently lack a subject (that is actually the second person, ‘You’, who is being addressed).
E.g (Orders) • Get out of the room. • Go. • Bring me a glass of water. • Stay quiet. • Shut the door. • Don’t come here.
(Requests) • Please lend me some money. • Give me the tape, please. • Please pass me the salt and pepper.
(Advices) • Do not waste time. • Always work hard. • Never trust others so quickly. • Stay calm. • Take your care.
- Imperative sentences can come with apparent subject as well.
E.g: • Faizan, turn off the lights before you leave. • Adnan, please remind me tomorrow. • Sara, wear your seat belt.
4. Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that expresses strong or sudden feelings of joy, wonder, anger or sorrow.
Exclamation mark is used in exclamatory sentences.
E.g: • Hurrah! We have won the match. • Alas! My brother failed. • What a pleasant weather it is! • What a mess this room
is! • How delicious this pizza looks! • You are amazing! • Wow! I really can’t believe that! • How sad is this!
• What a surprise! • It’s a boy! Yippee! • How dare he said that! • What a pity! • I love pizza! • Oh no, I forgot my keys!
5. Optative Sentence: These sentences express some wishes, desires or prayers. Optative sentences may end with an
exclamation mark or full stop.
E.g: • May you live long! • May Pakistan prosper! • I wish I were an astronaut! • May God bless you. • Wishing you a
happy and peaceful life. • Have a nice day! • Long live the mighty king. • Would that he was your buddy.
Exercise-3: Identify the kind of following sentences.
1.Never loose hope. 2. I am coming soon. 3. We should always help each other. 4. What are you doing? 5. May I come in?
6. I will never tell a lie. 7. May you live a happy life! 8. Shut the window. 9. The Earth revolves around the sun.
10. Would that been better if you were with me.
Answers: 1. Imperative 2. Affirmative 3. Affirmative 4. Interrogative 5. Interrogative 6. Negative 7. Optative 8. Imperative 9. Affirmative 10. Optative
PARTS OF SPEECH: There are 9 parts of speech.
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection 9. Article
NOUN: A noun is word used as a name of person, place or a thing. It is a naming word. E.g: Usman, Lahore, chair
Categories of Noun: There are two categories of noun.
1. Countable Noun: Name of things which are counted. E.g: boys, doors, pens, books, bottles, chairs, magazines,
oranges, rivers, cities, etc. Countable nouns generally have plural forms.
2. Uncountable Noun: Name of things which are not counted. E.g: milk, sugar, beauty, money, air, information,
advice, weather, ice, snow, Physics, hairs etc. Uncountable Nouns generally don’t have plural forms.
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, ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Kinds of Noun:
1. Proper Noun: Name of particular person, place or thing. E.g: Peshawar, Quran, Ali etc.
2. Common Noun: Name of a common person, place or thing. E.g: book, boy, city etc.
3. Collective Noun: A word used as name of collection of person or things taken together and referred to as one
whole. E.g: class, army, crowd, team, flock, herd etc. These nouns can take both singular and plural verbs.
• A herd of sheep • A fleet of ships • A flock of birds • A pride of lions • A pack of wolves • A colony/An army of
ants • A swarm of bees • A shoal/school of fish • An army of soldiers • A band of musicians • A troop of warriors • A
board of directors • A crew of sailors • A choir of singers • A group of dancers • A pack of thieves • A team of players
• A panel/bench of judges • A deck/pack of cards • A range of mountains • A bunch of grapes/keys • A forest of trees
• A herd of elephants • A line of cars • A gang of robbers • A basket of fruits • A galaxy of stars • A class of students
4. Material Noun (Concrete): Name of materials, metals or substances used in making things. E.g: gold, silver,
wood, cotton, copper, Aluminium, calcium etc.
5. Abstract Noun: Name given to feelings, ideas, diseases and qualities is called abstract noun. E.g: Love, honesty,
pain, knowledge, bravery, Malaria etc.
6. Compound Noun: Two or more words used as a name of one person, place or thing. E.g: class fellow, Mother-in-
law, bathroom etc. Compound nouns can be written with spaces (E.g: ice cream, swimming pool, bus stop, living
room), without spaces (E.g: classmate, greenhouse, lifespan, toothbrush) and with hyphens (E.g: self-confidence,
X-ray, commander-in-chief, part-time)
Exercise-4: Identify the kinds of underlined nouns.
1. The committee¹ was not sure about this matter. 2. Asad² is my room-mate³. 3. Health⁴ is wealth. 4. Beauty⁵ needs no
ornaments⁶. 5. The police⁷ arrested the thief. 6. Everyone wants peace⁸ and prosperity⁹. 7. Put the Holy Quran¹⁰ on the
table¹¹. 8. Gold¹² is a precious metal¹³. 9. Islamabad¹⁴ is the capital of Pakistan. 10. The Nile¹⁵ is a big river. 11. Without
health¹⁶ there is no happiness¹⁷. 12. Earth¹⁸ is our planet¹⁹. 13. He broke the table²⁰ made of wood²¹. 14. There was a large
crowd²² in the street²³. 15. Our class²⁴ consists of 40 students²⁵.
Answers: 1. Collective 2. Proper 3. Compound 4. Abstract 5. Abstract 6. Concrete 7. Common 8. Abstract 9. Abstract 10. Proper 11. Common 12. Concrete 13. Common
14. Proper 15. Proper 16. Abstract 17. Abstract 18. Proper 19. Common 20. Common 21. Concrete 22. Collective 23. Common 24. Collective 25. Common
GENDERS: Division of noun according to sex or absence of sex.
Masculine: It refers male creatures. E.g man, boy, horse, dog etc.
Feminine: It refers to female creatures. E.g woman, girl, hen, cow etc.
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Brother Sister Father Mother Gentleman Lady Lion Lioness
Husband Wife Man Woman Boy Girl Actor Actress
Son Daughter Cock Hen Nephew Niece Shepherd Shepherdess
Bull (Ox) Cow Dog Bitch Horse Mare Prince Princess
King Queen Sir Madam Son-in-law Daughter-in-law Bachelor Spinster
Bridegroom Bride Master Mistress Emperor Empress Monk Nun
God Goddess Tiger Tigress Hero Heroine Host Hostess
Peacock Peahen Wizard Witch Postman Postwoman Policeman Policewoman
Poet Poetess Stag Doe Uncle Aunt Mr. Mrs.
Male Female Landlord Landlady Duke Duchess Lord Lady
Stallion Mare Buck Doe Drone Queen Gander Goose
Drake Duck Fox Vixen Roaster Hen Leopard Leopardess
Common: It refers to both sexes. E.g friend, baby, passenger, student, teacher, doctor, thief, enemy, employee, player,
infant, relative, soldier, singer, candidate, principal, judge, leader, officer, parent, dentist, cousin etc.
Neuter: It refers to non-living things, birds, insects and animals which are not part of any sex. E.g book, pigeon, ant,
snake, lizard, honesty, leaf, parrot, etc.
HOW PLURALS ARE FORMED?
Most nouns form their plural by adding ‘s’ to singular.
Book Books Boy Boys Girl Girls Monkey Monkeys
We add ‘es’ if noun ends at ch,sh,s or x.
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Call: 0347-9185544
Main Allahabad Bazar, Westridge III, Rawalpindi.
-1-
, ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Alphabet: The alphabet of English is composed of 26 letters. There are two classes of alphabet:
1. Vowel: There are 5 vowels. i.e. a,e,i,o,u (There is no disturbance or resistance while producing vowel sounds.)
- Vowels are produced freely without obstruction (block) in air flow. They can be pronounced with our mouths open.
2. Consonants: Remaining 21 letters are called consonants. i.e. b,c,d,f….z
- There is some obstruction in the air flow while producing consonant sounds.
Sounds in English: There are 44 sounds in English language. It contains 20 vowel sounds while 24 consonant sounds.
Word: Letters combine to form words. E.g: chair, boy, smelly, intelligent, cat etc.
Main parts of a sentence: There are three main parts of sentences. i.e Subject, Object and Verb.
1. Subject: It is the doer of an action or something we are talking about.
2. Object: It is something on which action is being done.
3. Verb: It is an action. It can also show possession or what the subject is. Verb also shows tense.
Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object
Ahmed ate pasta. I opened the box. We attended the party.
John drank beer Tim and Kim sang a song. They closed the door.
She cleaned the floor. He drove his car. I kick the ball.
We bake a cake You brush your hairs. They grow plants.
She holds the kitten. He reads his essay. Polly decorates her book.
Tom makes a mistake She will write a poem. He will win the race.
We picked flowers. He took Tea. They will play the game.
- Sentences can be completed without an object. Following sentences don’t have objects.
E.g: • They are painting. • Ahmed ate quickly. • Singing is her passion. • The Sun is shining brightly. • She wept.
- Apparently, imperative sentences lack subjects. So, a sentence can be considered complete without subject even.
E.g: • Never misbehave with your elders. • Get out. • Please! Help me. • Close the door. • Always respect your teachers.
- A sentence can never be completed without a verb. (Except few: like • Best of luck!)
E.g: • She is a doctor. • I have curly hairs. • Go away. • He is dancing. • Make a cup of tea for me. • May you prosper!
Exercise-1: Identify the underlined words as ‘subject’, ‘object’, ‘verb’ or ‘none of these’.
1. Barking dogs¹ seldom² bite³. 2. Do⁴ good with others⁵. 3. Pakistan⁶ is progressing⁷ by leaps and bounds⁸. 4. Ahmed⁹
completed¹⁰ his work¹¹. 5. Ali¹² helps¹³ me¹⁴. 6. Helping others¹⁵ is¹⁶ my passion¹⁷. 7. He¹⁸ looks¹⁹ happy²⁰. 8. I²¹ love²²
swimming²³. 9. Reading²⁴ is²⁵ my favorite hobby²⁶. 10. America²⁷ was discovered²⁸ by Columbus²⁹. 11. Pick³⁰ the books³¹
up³². 12. Listen³³ to your teachers³⁴. 13. The Sun³⁵ shone³⁶ all the day³⁷. 14. Ahmed³⁸ teased³⁹ me⁴⁰. 15. Allah⁴¹ is⁴² the best
planner⁴³. 16. Ahmed⁴⁴ always⁴⁵ goes to the bank⁴⁶ in the morning⁴⁷. 17. They⁴⁸ went⁴⁹ on Sunday night⁵⁰.
Answers: 1. Subject 2. None of these 3. Verb 4. Verb 5. Object 6. Subject 7. Verb 8. None of these 9. Subject 10. Verb 11. Object 12. Subject 13. Verb 14. Object 15. Subject
16. Verb 17. None of these 18. Subject 19. Verb 20. None of these 21. Subject 22. Verb 23. Object 24. Subject 25. Verb 26. None of these 27. Subject 28. Verb 29. Object 30.
Verb 31. Object 32. None of these 33. Verb 34. Object 35. Subject 36. Verb 37. None of these 38. Subject 39. Verb 40. Object 41. Subject 42. Verb 43. None of these 44.
Subject 45. None of these 46. Object 47. None of these 48. Subject 49. Verb 50. None of these
Words can combine to form phrase, clause, predicate or sentence.
Phrase: A group of words that makes sense, but not complete sense is called a phrase. E.g: in the room, on the table. etc
A phrase can be formed when
1) Both subject and verb are absent: E.g; in the bazar, along the road, on the table etc.
2) Subject is absent and verb is present: E.g; cooking the meal, going out, talking with the man etc.
3) Verb is absent and subject is present: E.g; Fishes in the water, the cat under the chair, the boy on roof etc.
Clause: A group of words which is part of a sentence, and contains subject and verb of its own, is called as clause. It may
have complete meanings (like in independent clauses) or incomplete meanings (like in dependent clauses).
E.g: (Underlined groups of words are clauses)
• (Salman likes tea) but (Faizan prefers coffee). • (Ayan is an intelligent boy) but (he is lazy). • (Pakistan is progressing)
by leaps and bounds. • (He ran away) (when I came). • (Go away) or (I will call the police). • (Come) an (sit).
In last sentence, there are two clauses. Both do not have the subject apparently. But actually the subject is present
(in the background). The speaker told to come and sit to Second Person (You) who is being addressed.
Predicate: Every sentence has two parts. i.e. Subject and Predicate. The part of sentence (except subject) that tells about
subject is called Predicate. (Underlined groups of words are predicates)
E.g: • Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. • The Earth revolves around the sun. • Salman is a talkative boy but Adnan
doesn’t like to speak. • The man with blue hat, brown shoes, blond hairs and black coat is my uncle.
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, ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Sentence: A group of words that make complete sense is called sentence. It ends with a full stop (.), exclamation mark (!)
or a question mark (?).
E.g: • God is one. • He is not working hard. • Do you like apples? • Go out. • What a beautiful weather!
Exercise-2: Identify the underlined group of words as phrase, clause or predicate.
1. He jumped in the water to save the drowning boy. 2. Our class consists of 40 students. 3. Play the video game or put the
remote here. 4. We couldn’t open the door so we called the locksmith. 5. The last chapter of the book disappointed us all.
6. He was talking to someone while knocking at the door. 7. Eat it happily or cry. 8. Ahmed sings and Sara dances. 9. She
wept. 10. Working in the morning is an amazing experience. 11. Experience is more important than talent. 12. He was
outside for half an hour. 13. The old man told me a story. 14. You have no right to claim it. 15. Come in the morning.
Answers: 1. Phrase 2. Predicate 3. Clause 4. Clause 5. Predicate 6. Phrase 7. Clause 8. Clause 9. Predicate 10. Phrase 11. Clause 12. Phrase 13. Predicate 14. Clause 15. Phrase
KINDS OF SENTENCES: There are 5 types of sentences.
1. Assertive/Declarative Sentence: It is a sentence that makes a statement. It provides information about something or
state facts. These sentences ends up with a full stop. There are two kinds of assertive sentences.
A) Affirmative/Positive Sentence: A sentence that gives positive statement.
E.g:• He goes to college everyday. • Ahmed is upset. • Arslan is a toxic and rude guy. • Aaliyan loves painting.
B) Negative Sentence: A sentence that gives negative statement. Negative words like not, never, neither etc. are used.
E.g: • He does not go to college everyday. • She never comes in late. • Neither Ali nor Ahmed are interested.
• Nobody is here. • They do not focus on their studies. • Pakistan is not progressing.
2. Interrogative Sentence: These sentences ask a question. They end up with question marks (?).
E.g: • Does he go to college everyday? • May I help you? • You are going to Lahore, aren’t you? • Where do you live?
3. Imperative Sentence: A sentence that expresses an order, request or advice is called imperative sentence. In these
sentences, always base form of the verb is used. The verb is often used in start of sentences. Moreover, these
sentences apparently lack a subject (that is actually the second person, ‘You’, who is being addressed).
E.g (Orders) • Get out of the room. • Go. • Bring me a glass of water. • Stay quiet. • Shut the door. • Don’t come here.
(Requests) • Please lend me some money. • Give me the tape, please. • Please pass me the salt and pepper.
(Advices) • Do not waste time. • Always work hard. • Never trust others so quickly. • Stay calm. • Take your care.
- Imperative sentences can come with apparent subject as well.
E.g: • Faizan, turn off the lights before you leave. • Adnan, please remind me tomorrow. • Sara, wear your seat belt.
4. Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that expresses strong or sudden feelings of joy, wonder, anger or sorrow.
Exclamation mark is used in exclamatory sentences.
E.g: • Hurrah! We have won the match. • Alas! My brother failed. • What a pleasant weather it is! • What a mess this room
is! • How delicious this pizza looks! • You are amazing! • Wow! I really can’t believe that! • How sad is this!
• What a surprise! • It’s a boy! Yippee! • How dare he said that! • What a pity! • I love pizza! • Oh no, I forgot my keys!
5. Optative Sentence: These sentences express some wishes, desires or prayers. Optative sentences may end with an
exclamation mark or full stop.
E.g: • May you live long! • May Pakistan prosper! • I wish I were an astronaut! • May God bless you. • Wishing you a
happy and peaceful life. • Have a nice day! • Long live the mighty king. • Would that he was your buddy.
Exercise-3: Identify the kind of following sentences.
1.Never loose hope. 2. I am coming soon. 3. We should always help each other. 4. What are you doing? 5. May I come in?
6. I will never tell a lie. 7. May you live a happy life! 8. Shut the window. 9. The Earth revolves around the sun.
10. Would that been better if you were with me.
Answers: 1. Imperative 2. Affirmative 3. Affirmative 4. Interrogative 5. Interrogative 6. Negative 7. Optative 8. Imperative 9. Affirmative 10. Optative
PARTS OF SPEECH: There are 9 parts of speech.
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection 9. Article
NOUN: A noun is word used as a name of person, place or a thing. It is a naming word. E.g: Usman, Lahore, chair
Categories of Noun: There are two categories of noun.
1. Countable Noun: Name of things which are counted. E.g: boys, doors, pens, books, bottles, chairs, magazines,
oranges, rivers, cities, etc. Countable nouns generally have plural forms.
2. Uncountable Noun: Name of things which are not counted. E.g: milk, sugar, beauty, money, air, information,
advice, weather, ice, snow, Physics, hairs etc. Uncountable Nouns generally don’t have plural forms.
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, ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES BY MUHAMMAD TALHA SHAKEEL
Kinds of Noun:
1. Proper Noun: Name of particular person, place or thing. E.g: Peshawar, Quran, Ali etc.
2. Common Noun: Name of a common person, place or thing. E.g: book, boy, city etc.
3. Collective Noun: A word used as name of collection of person or things taken together and referred to as one
whole. E.g: class, army, crowd, team, flock, herd etc. These nouns can take both singular and plural verbs.
• A herd of sheep • A fleet of ships • A flock of birds • A pride of lions • A pack of wolves • A colony/An army of
ants • A swarm of bees • A shoal/school of fish • An army of soldiers • A band of musicians • A troop of warriors • A
board of directors • A crew of sailors • A choir of singers • A group of dancers • A pack of thieves • A team of players
• A panel/bench of judges • A deck/pack of cards • A range of mountains • A bunch of grapes/keys • A forest of trees
• A herd of elephants • A line of cars • A gang of robbers • A basket of fruits • A galaxy of stars • A class of students
4. Material Noun (Concrete): Name of materials, metals or substances used in making things. E.g: gold, silver,
wood, cotton, copper, Aluminium, calcium etc.
5. Abstract Noun: Name given to feelings, ideas, diseases and qualities is called abstract noun. E.g: Love, honesty,
pain, knowledge, bravery, Malaria etc.
6. Compound Noun: Two or more words used as a name of one person, place or thing. E.g: class fellow, Mother-in-
law, bathroom etc. Compound nouns can be written with spaces (E.g: ice cream, swimming pool, bus stop, living
room), without spaces (E.g: classmate, greenhouse, lifespan, toothbrush) and with hyphens (E.g: self-confidence,
X-ray, commander-in-chief, part-time)
Exercise-4: Identify the kinds of underlined nouns.
1. The committee¹ was not sure about this matter. 2. Asad² is my room-mate³. 3. Health⁴ is wealth. 4. Beauty⁵ needs no
ornaments⁶. 5. The police⁷ arrested the thief. 6. Everyone wants peace⁸ and prosperity⁹. 7. Put the Holy Quran¹⁰ on the
table¹¹. 8. Gold¹² is a precious metal¹³. 9. Islamabad¹⁴ is the capital of Pakistan. 10. The Nile¹⁵ is a big river. 11. Without
health¹⁶ there is no happiness¹⁷. 12. Earth¹⁸ is our planet¹⁹. 13. He broke the table²⁰ made of wood²¹. 14. There was a large
crowd²² in the street²³. 15. Our class²⁴ consists of 40 students²⁵.
Answers: 1. Collective 2. Proper 3. Compound 4. Abstract 5. Abstract 6. Concrete 7. Common 8. Abstract 9. Abstract 10. Proper 11. Common 12. Concrete 13. Common
14. Proper 15. Proper 16. Abstract 17. Abstract 18. Proper 19. Common 20. Common 21. Concrete 22. Collective 23. Common 24. Collective 25. Common
GENDERS: Division of noun according to sex or absence of sex.
Masculine: It refers male creatures. E.g man, boy, horse, dog etc.
Feminine: It refers to female creatures. E.g woman, girl, hen, cow etc.
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Brother Sister Father Mother Gentleman Lady Lion Lioness
Husband Wife Man Woman Boy Girl Actor Actress
Son Daughter Cock Hen Nephew Niece Shepherd Shepherdess
Bull (Ox) Cow Dog Bitch Horse Mare Prince Princess
King Queen Sir Madam Son-in-law Daughter-in-law Bachelor Spinster
Bridegroom Bride Master Mistress Emperor Empress Monk Nun
God Goddess Tiger Tigress Hero Heroine Host Hostess
Peacock Peahen Wizard Witch Postman Postwoman Policeman Policewoman
Poet Poetess Stag Doe Uncle Aunt Mr. Mrs.
Male Female Landlord Landlady Duke Duchess Lord Lady
Stallion Mare Buck Doe Drone Queen Gander Goose
Drake Duck Fox Vixen Roaster Hen Leopard Leopardess
Common: It refers to both sexes. E.g friend, baby, passenger, student, teacher, doctor, thief, enemy, employee, player,
infant, relative, soldier, singer, candidate, principal, judge, leader, officer, parent, dentist, cousin etc.
Neuter: It refers to non-living things, birds, insects and animals which are not part of any sex. E.g book, pigeon, ant,
snake, lizard, honesty, leaf, parrot, etc.
HOW PLURALS ARE FORMED?
Most nouns form their plural by adding ‘s’ to singular.
Book Books Boy Boys Girl Girls Monkey Monkeys
We add ‘es’ if noun ends at ch,sh,s or x.
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