BIO 200 - Final Review Exam Questions
with Correct Answers
Female choice - ANSWER-- Some mate preferences are learned
- Some mate preferences are genetic
- Runaway selection (evolution of exaggerated male ornamentation by persistent &
directional female choice)
Beauty Hypothesis - ANSWER-Female is choosing mate simply because of its
beauty.
Selective Advantage Hypothesis - ANSWER-Traits selected with potential for
reproductive success. Trait shows health.
Handicap Hypothesis - ANSWER-Female is choosing those which have suffered
even in spite of possible disadvantages. Shows that they are extraordinarily fit and
strong enough to be able to overcome this disadvantage.
Individuals cooperate due to... - ANSWER-Food capture, predator avoidance,
protection, build shelters, care giving, reproduction, altruism, kin selection.
Kin selection - ANSWER-Form of natural selection that favors traits that increase
survival or reproduction of an individual's kin at the expense of an individual. Involves
altruism --- an act by an individual that increases fitness of others that that
individual's expense. This can also increase the chances that your genes will
survive.
Epigenetics - ANSWER-Epigenesis occurs when the DNA of a cell is regulated to be
turned on or off... change of gene expression through the modification of DNA
without actually changing the DNA sequence.
(example: identical twins = same DNA, become more different as they get more
epigenetic tags)
How do parasites affect hosts? - ANSWER-(1) Consume energy, (2) destroy cells,
(3) obstruct functions of organs, (4) produce toxins
Results of parasitism - ANSWER-1. Can kill the host
2. Can make them sick and therefore easier for predators to catch and easier for
parasites to infect
3. Can change behavior of host.
Results of Parasite-Host interactions - ANSWER-1. Host can become extinct across
entire range
,2. Identity switching to avoid immune system (African sleeping sickness: parasite
switches surface proteins so the immune system cannot identify it)
Effects of predation - ANSWER-1. Prey becomes extinct and predator becomes
extinct
2. Predator becomes extinct and prey population explodes
Co-existence - ANSWER-Unstable equilibrium, short term irregular balance,
temporary local extinction and re-immigration.
How do the prey avoid predation? - ANSWER-Camouflage by mimicry of objects,
camouflage by hiding, camouflage by countershading, camouflage by disruptive
patterning, batesian mimicry, mullerian mimicry
Batesian Mimicry - ANSWER-Mimicking dangerous or unpalatable species. They are
not actually harmful.
Mullerian Mimicry - ANSWER-All species are unpalatable. Actually harmful. Form of
mutualism.
Co-existence - Prey Switching - ANSWER-Generalized predators, specialized
predators (pandas only eat bamboo), different secondary food sources
Evolutionary "Arm's Race" - ANSWER-Occurs between predators and prey. Only the
best prey and predators survive (idea of survival of the fittest).
Typological (morphological) species - ANSWER-Groups of organisms that share
some characteristics which are different than other groups -- usually includes
differences in anatomy. This helps them distinguish themselves from other species.
Biological species concept - ANSWER-Reproductively isolated group of ACTUALLY
interbreeding natural populations that produce fertile offspring.
Sympatric speciation - ANSWER-Speciation that happens without the physical
separation of members of the population. Sympatric speciation is easy! Can speciate
by polyploidy (autopolyploid and allopolyploid).
Allopatric speciation - ANSWER-Speciation that occurs when a population is
separated by a physical barrier. Occurs due to dispersal, barriers, and continental
drift. Allopatric speciation is hard!
Problems/issues in identifying species - ANSWER-Polymorphic species, sibling
species, ring species, asexual species, fossil species.
Polymorphic species - ANSWER-Many different types of individuals. Poly = many,
morphic = forms
Sibling species - ANSWER-Virtually identical species (siblings look alike)
,Ring species - ANSWER-Continuous gradual shift in phenotype over a large range.
the end populations cannot interbreed.
Asexual species and fossil species - ANSWER-Cannot use biological species
definition
Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms - ANSWER-There are pre-zygotic and post-
zygotic barriers. This is meant to keep/prevent species from interbreeding.
Pre-zygotic barriers (in detail) - ANSWER-Ecological/habitat isolation: Share
territory, but occupy different regions
Behavioral isolation: (ie: frogs only respond to the calls of their own same species)
Mechanical isolation: Distinct reproductive parts.
Gametic isolation: Mating occurs, however, the egg and sperm aren't compatible
because there's a lack of interaction of receptors on cell membranes.
Post-zygotic barriers (in detail) - ANSWER-Hybrid inviability: Fertilization occurs but
the zygote, embryo, or larva dies sometime later.
Hybrid sterility: Healthy hybrid unable to reproduce due to abnormal gametes.
POPULATIONS DO NOT STRIVE TO BECOME A SPECIES!
Anything with "hybrid" in the name has to do with post-zygotic.
Adaptations - ANSWER-Unique features of an organism which are specializations
for their environment and their way of life.
How do organisms adapt? (Argument by Design) - ANSWER-Embryological issues
(ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny), vestigial organs (blind cave animals with
functionless eyes), political/legal argument, philosophical difficulties, organisms are
never perfect.
Arguments by natural selection - ANSWER-Darwin and Wallace:
- adaptations are characters which are the product of selection within a particular
environment
- natural selection has no foresight and no specific purpose
Divergent Evolution: populations becoming progressively more distinct from one
another
Law of Segregation - ANSWER-Factors that control a trait maintain a discrete
identity when passed from parent to offspring. This disproves the blending theory.
Particle Theory of Inheritance - ANSWER-Hereditary traits act like particles, units, or
factors as they're passed from generation to generation.
, Law of Independent Assortment - ANSWER-States that character traits are not
connected but are inherited independent of one another.
When do you see chromosomes? - ANSWER-- must use stains to see them
- chromosomes are seen only in condensed form when preparing for nuclear division
- otherwise the genetic material is unraveled and called chromatin
Concept of sex-linked traits - ANSWER-Traits carried on the sex chromosomes.
Males only have one X chromosome, so if they have the allele for the trait, they'll
show it. Females have two X chromosomes, so if one is defective, the other can
compensate.
Cell division in body cells - Mitosis - ANSWER-Daughter cells have same number of
chromosomes as parent cell. Before this happens, however,
1. the chromosomes must duplicate - the identical arms are called chromatids
(mitosis)
2. sister chromosomes must line up side by side
3. sister chromosomes separate and go to different daughter cells
4. chromosomes line up again
5. chromatids pulled apart
6. 23 chromosomes are in each cell
Distribution of chromosomes in gametes - ANSWER-Gametes end up with only one
set of chromosomes. Each gamete has a mixture of mother & father's chromosomes.
Concept of Crossover - ANSWER-Sister chromosomes swap pieces/cross over
during meiosis. Occurs when the sister chromosomes line up during Meiosis I.
How is sex characterized in humans? - ANSWER-Specific genes determine whether
an embryo will develop as a male or female.
SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y-chromosome) gene - ANSWER-Early in the
development, the immature gonads of males and females are indistinguishable.
Lamarck's view - ANSWER-Argued that characteristics acquired during the life time
of an organism could be passed on to its offspring = evolution by acquired
characteristics, use and disuse!!!
Coda - ANSWER-DNA is the genetic blueprint or "code" of the organism.
All cells of multicellular organisms carry the same set of instructions/same DNA.
Yet the cells of the different organs in the body act differently because different parts
of the DNA are active; half of the proteins are the same in all cells and half are
different.
Control of the DNA is achieved by chemicals in the cell controlling which genes turn
on and off. These chemicals include histone proteins, different kinds of RNA, and
chemical tags.
with Correct Answers
Female choice - ANSWER-- Some mate preferences are learned
- Some mate preferences are genetic
- Runaway selection (evolution of exaggerated male ornamentation by persistent &
directional female choice)
Beauty Hypothesis - ANSWER-Female is choosing mate simply because of its
beauty.
Selective Advantage Hypothesis - ANSWER-Traits selected with potential for
reproductive success. Trait shows health.
Handicap Hypothesis - ANSWER-Female is choosing those which have suffered
even in spite of possible disadvantages. Shows that they are extraordinarily fit and
strong enough to be able to overcome this disadvantage.
Individuals cooperate due to... - ANSWER-Food capture, predator avoidance,
protection, build shelters, care giving, reproduction, altruism, kin selection.
Kin selection - ANSWER-Form of natural selection that favors traits that increase
survival or reproduction of an individual's kin at the expense of an individual. Involves
altruism --- an act by an individual that increases fitness of others that that
individual's expense. This can also increase the chances that your genes will
survive.
Epigenetics - ANSWER-Epigenesis occurs when the DNA of a cell is regulated to be
turned on or off... change of gene expression through the modification of DNA
without actually changing the DNA sequence.
(example: identical twins = same DNA, become more different as they get more
epigenetic tags)
How do parasites affect hosts? - ANSWER-(1) Consume energy, (2) destroy cells,
(3) obstruct functions of organs, (4) produce toxins
Results of parasitism - ANSWER-1. Can kill the host
2. Can make them sick and therefore easier for predators to catch and easier for
parasites to infect
3. Can change behavior of host.
Results of Parasite-Host interactions - ANSWER-1. Host can become extinct across
entire range
,2. Identity switching to avoid immune system (African sleeping sickness: parasite
switches surface proteins so the immune system cannot identify it)
Effects of predation - ANSWER-1. Prey becomes extinct and predator becomes
extinct
2. Predator becomes extinct and prey population explodes
Co-existence - ANSWER-Unstable equilibrium, short term irregular balance,
temporary local extinction and re-immigration.
How do the prey avoid predation? - ANSWER-Camouflage by mimicry of objects,
camouflage by hiding, camouflage by countershading, camouflage by disruptive
patterning, batesian mimicry, mullerian mimicry
Batesian Mimicry - ANSWER-Mimicking dangerous or unpalatable species. They are
not actually harmful.
Mullerian Mimicry - ANSWER-All species are unpalatable. Actually harmful. Form of
mutualism.
Co-existence - Prey Switching - ANSWER-Generalized predators, specialized
predators (pandas only eat bamboo), different secondary food sources
Evolutionary "Arm's Race" - ANSWER-Occurs between predators and prey. Only the
best prey and predators survive (idea of survival of the fittest).
Typological (morphological) species - ANSWER-Groups of organisms that share
some characteristics which are different than other groups -- usually includes
differences in anatomy. This helps them distinguish themselves from other species.
Biological species concept - ANSWER-Reproductively isolated group of ACTUALLY
interbreeding natural populations that produce fertile offspring.
Sympatric speciation - ANSWER-Speciation that happens without the physical
separation of members of the population. Sympatric speciation is easy! Can speciate
by polyploidy (autopolyploid and allopolyploid).
Allopatric speciation - ANSWER-Speciation that occurs when a population is
separated by a physical barrier. Occurs due to dispersal, barriers, and continental
drift. Allopatric speciation is hard!
Problems/issues in identifying species - ANSWER-Polymorphic species, sibling
species, ring species, asexual species, fossil species.
Polymorphic species - ANSWER-Many different types of individuals. Poly = many,
morphic = forms
Sibling species - ANSWER-Virtually identical species (siblings look alike)
,Ring species - ANSWER-Continuous gradual shift in phenotype over a large range.
the end populations cannot interbreed.
Asexual species and fossil species - ANSWER-Cannot use biological species
definition
Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms - ANSWER-There are pre-zygotic and post-
zygotic barriers. This is meant to keep/prevent species from interbreeding.
Pre-zygotic barriers (in detail) - ANSWER-Ecological/habitat isolation: Share
territory, but occupy different regions
Behavioral isolation: (ie: frogs only respond to the calls of their own same species)
Mechanical isolation: Distinct reproductive parts.
Gametic isolation: Mating occurs, however, the egg and sperm aren't compatible
because there's a lack of interaction of receptors on cell membranes.
Post-zygotic barriers (in detail) - ANSWER-Hybrid inviability: Fertilization occurs but
the zygote, embryo, or larva dies sometime later.
Hybrid sterility: Healthy hybrid unable to reproduce due to abnormal gametes.
POPULATIONS DO NOT STRIVE TO BECOME A SPECIES!
Anything with "hybrid" in the name has to do with post-zygotic.
Adaptations - ANSWER-Unique features of an organism which are specializations
for their environment and their way of life.
How do organisms adapt? (Argument by Design) - ANSWER-Embryological issues
(ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny), vestigial organs (blind cave animals with
functionless eyes), political/legal argument, philosophical difficulties, organisms are
never perfect.
Arguments by natural selection - ANSWER-Darwin and Wallace:
- adaptations are characters which are the product of selection within a particular
environment
- natural selection has no foresight and no specific purpose
Divergent Evolution: populations becoming progressively more distinct from one
another
Law of Segregation - ANSWER-Factors that control a trait maintain a discrete
identity when passed from parent to offspring. This disproves the blending theory.
Particle Theory of Inheritance - ANSWER-Hereditary traits act like particles, units, or
factors as they're passed from generation to generation.
, Law of Independent Assortment - ANSWER-States that character traits are not
connected but are inherited independent of one another.
When do you see chromosomes? - ANSWER-- must use stains to see them
- chromosomes are seen only in condensed form when preparing for nuclear division
- otherwise the genetic material is unraveled and called chromatin
Concept of sex-linked traits - ANSWER-Traits carried on the sex chromosomes.
Males only have one X chromosome, so if they have the allele for the trait, they'll
show it. Females have two X chromosomes, so if one is defective, the other can
compensate.
Cell division in body cells - Mitosis - ANSWER-Daughter cells have same number of
chromosomes as parent cell. Before this happens, however,
1. the chromosomes must duplicate - the identical arms are called chromatids
(mitosis)
2. sister chromosomes must line up side by side
3. sister chromosomes separate and go to different daughter cells
4. chromosomes line up again
5. chromatids pulled apart
6. 23 chromosomes are in each cell
Distribution of chromosomes in gametes - ANSWER-Gametes end up with only one
set of chromosomes. Each gamete has a mixture of mother & father's chromosomes.
Concept of Crossover - ANSWER-Sister chromosomes swap pieces/cross over
during meiosis. Occurs when the sister chromosomes line up during Meiosis I.
How is sex characterized in humans? - ANSWER-Specific genes determine whether
an embryo will develop as a male or female.
SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y-chromosome) gene - ANSWER-Early in the
development, the immature gonads of males and females are indistinguishable.
Lamarck's view - ANSWER-Argued that characteristics acquired during the life time
of an organism could be passed on to its offspring = evolution by acquired
characteristics, use and disuse!!!
Coda - ANSWER-DNA is the genetic blueprint or "code" of the organism.
All cells of multicellular organisms carry the same set of instructions/same DNA.
Yet the cells of the different organs in the body act differently because different parts
of the DNA are active; half of the proteins are the same in all cells and half are
different.
Control of the DNA is achieved by chemicals in the cell controlling which genes turn
on and off. These chemicals include histone proteins, different kinds of RNA, and
chemical tags.
