ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
1. Millennium
1. In the past 50 years, humans have changed the environment
Ecosystem
more than any other time in human history
Assessment
2. Changes to the ecosystem have brought many benefits to the
(MEA)
economy and human well-being, but this comes at the cost of:
Findings
increased risk of non-linear changes, exacerbation of poverty for
vulnerable groups, and ecosystem degra- dation
3. degradation of the ecosystem may grow much worse ini the first
half of the century (would impede achieving Millennium
Development Goals)
4. The harmful ettects of anthropogenic ecosystem manipulation can be
mitigat- ed, however, that requires dramatic changes in policy,
institutions, and practices that are not currently under way.
2. MEA ma- -extensive conversation to crop lands (cultivated systems make up 25% of
jor earth's land)
ecosystem -20% of coral reefs lost, 20% more degraded
changes -35% mangrove loss
-70% of water used for agriculture
-amount of water behind dams has quadrupled since 1960
-flows of reactive nitrogen have doubled, flows of phosphorus have tripled
-increased CO2 levels (~32% increase since 1750)
-loss of biodiversity, genetic diversity, smaller number of species
-ecosystem degradation/unsustainable use
3. MEA -trying to improve one ecosystem service often degrades another (ex:
problems improving crop yields with fertilizer = water degradation)
with -resource management decisions guided by market value of
ecosystem ecosystem services (leads to degradation of non-market ecosystem
change services like biodiversity)
-damage to ecosystem = economic and public health costs (floods,
fires, new pathogens)
-cultural losses
, ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
-ecosystem degradation
exacerbates poverty (can
lead to migration/refugees)
-many industries depend
on ecosystem services
(fisheries, agriculture, eco-
, ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
tourism)
-nonlinear changes: disease emergence, eutrophication and
hypoxia, fishery collapse, species introduction and losses, climate
change
4. racial
geography in generally: most vulnerable populations resided in low ground due to
New Orleans historical movement; whites generally in high ground
-ex: Lower Ninth Ward
-exceptions to the trend: Lakeview suburb (even lower than Lower Ninth
Ward); African Americans that lived along the Mississippi on the
natural levees
5. class and
vulner- ability -generational poverty
to Katrina -lack of access to transportation (cannot evacuate)
-unequal access to power/institutions
6. marginality making the experience of an individual or certain group more diflcult (ex:
limiting access to certain institutions)
7. race divisions - African Americans generally the poorest
-Hispanics and Asians also present
-Whites most privileged
-communities resided in certain enclaves (loss of cultural mixing)
8. class divisions - reproduction of poverty (due to structural racism)
-Africans Americans generally poorer than white population
-employment ditterences (unskilled labor vs. industrial jobs)
9. how nature divid- - levees in certain areas (Kelman) = more/less fortified/stable (leaves
certain
ed the
residents of 10. history of settle- ment in N.O.
new orleans
, ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
communities at a higher risk)
-higher elevations vs. lower
elevations
-residents on natural levees
-18th-19th century:
Jim Crow laws,
plantation agriculture,
trade, growth ——
forces cultural mixing
and intermingling
Score!!!
1. Millennium
1. In the past 50 years, humans have changed the environment
Ecosystem
more than any other time in human history
Assessment
2. Changes to the ecosystem have brought many benefits to the
(MEA)
economy and human well-being, but this comes at the cost of:
Findings
increased risk of non-linear changes, exacerbation of poverty for
vulnerable groups, and ecosystem degra- dation
3. degradation of the ecosystem may grow much worse ini the first
half of the century (would impede achieving Millennium
Development Goals)
4. The harmful ettects of anthropogenic ecosystem manipulation can be
mitigat- ed, however, that requires dramatic changes in policy,
institutions, and practices that are not currently under way.
2. MEA ma- -extensive conversation to crop lands (cultivated systems make up 25% of
jor earth's land)
ecosystem -20% of coral reefs lost, 20% more degraded
changes -35% mangrove loss
-70% of water used for agriculture
-amount of water behind dams has quadrupled since 1960
-flows of reactive nitrogen have doubled, flows of phosphorus have tripled
-increased CO2 levels (~32% increase since 1750)
-loss of biodiversity, genetic diversity, smaller number of species
-ecosystem degradation/unsustainable use
3. MEA -trying to improve one ecosystem service often degrades another (ex:
problems improving crop yields with fertilizer = water degradation)
with -resource management decisions guided by market value of
ecosystem ecosystem services (leads to degradation of non-market ecosystem
change services like biodiversity)
-damage to ecosystem = economic and public health costs (floods,
fires, new pathogens)
-cultural losses
, ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
-ecosystem degradation
exacerbates poverty (can
lead to migration/refugees)
-many industries depend
on ecosystem services
(fisheries, agriculture, eco-
, ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
tourism)
-nonlinear changes: disease emergence, eutrophication and
hypoxia, fishery collapse, species introduction and losses, climate
change
4. racial
geography in generally: most vulnerable populations resided in low ground due to
New Orleans historical movement; whites generally in high ground
-ex: Lower Ninth Ward
-exceptions to the trend: Lakeview suburb (even lower than Lower Ninth
Ward); African Americans that lived along the Mississippi on the
natural levees
5. class and
vulner- ability -generational poverty
to Katrina -lack of access to transportation (cannot evacuate)
-unequal access to power/institutions
6. marginality making the experience of an individual or certain group more diflcult (ex:
limiting access to certain institutions)
7. race divisions - African Americans generally the poorest
-Hispanics and Asians also present
-Whites most privileged
-communities resided in certain enclaves (loss of cultural mixing)
8. class divisions - reproduction of poverty (due to structural racism)
-Africans Americans generally poorer than white population
-employment ditterences (unskilled labor vs. industrial jobs)
9. how nature divid- - levees in certain areas (Kelman) = more/less fortified/stable (leaves
certain
ed the
residents of 10. history of settle- ment in N.O.
new orleans
, ESPM 50AC Final Exam Questions And Answers For A+
Score!!!
communities at a higher risk)
-higher elevations vs. lower
elevations
-residents on natural levees
-18th-19th century:
Jim Crow laws,
plantation agriculture,
trade, growth ——
forces cultural mixing
and intermingling
