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What is the difference between anatomy & physiology? How do these two sciences support each other?
- (answer)Anatomy is the study of human structure.
Physiology is the study of function.
A&P form a foundation for advanced study in Healthcare, exercise, physiology, pathophysiology, & other
related fields.
Name a method that would be used to listening to a patient's heart murmur. - (answer)Auscultation
with a stethoscope
Name a method that would be used to study the microscopic structure of the liver: - (answer)Histology
Name a method that would be used for microscopically examining liver tissue for signs of hepatitis. -
(answer)Histopathology
Name a method that would be used for learning about the blood vessels on a cadaver. -
(answer)dissection
Name a method that would be used to perform a breast self-examination. - (answer)palpitation
In what way did the followers of Galen disregard his advice? - (answer)Galen made it clear that he did
not know everything there was to know about the human body because he did not have the ability to
dissect the human body. He mostly had to make inferences based on his dissection of animals. He told
those who were studying and teaching to make new observations and trust their own findings, however
they disregarded this by continuing to teach students about what they read in Aristotle's work and his
work. The advice applies to me when reading this book by encouraging me to make my own
observations during dissection lab and compare my findings to their works in order to notice the
similarities but also note new discoveries.
Describe two ways in which Vesalius improved medical education and set standards that remain
relevant today. - (answer)1. Vesalius improved medical education by performing dissections himself
instead of letting a barber surgeon do it while he just sits and reads from Galen and Aristotle. He would
do the dissections himself and point out the parts in which Galen was wrong about Anatomy.
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2. He published a more accurate text of illustrations for teaching anatomy. He also published the first
Atlas of anatomy that set the standard for new and updated atlases used today.
How is our concept of human form and function today affected by inventors from the 17th century to
the 19th century? - (answer)Our concept of human form and function is based off of previous findings
made by inventors and physicians. The more they discover the more they change concepts and
illustrations of human anatomy. Inventions of microscopes and improvements upon those microscopes
have allowed us to see and learn more about anatomy on a molecular level. Cell theory especially. The
17th and 19th century scientists also pioneered the way we think about science. AKA we learned to
replace superstition and assumptions with exploration, discovery, and appreciation for natural law. We
learned the right questions to ask in order to learn.
Describe the general process involved in the inductive method. - (answer)Described by Francis Bacon
Making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations & predictions.
Knowledge of anatomy obtained by this method.
Proof in Science
Reliable observations repeatedly confirmed.
Not falsified by any credible observation
"Proof beyond a reasonable doubt"
*** Make numerous observations until you feel confident in drawing generalizations and predictions
from them.
Describe some sources of potential bias in biomedical research and how to minimize such bias. -
(answer)Understand experimenter bias and purpose of double-blind method of research.
Is there more information in an individual scientific fact or in a theory? - (answer)There is more accurate
information in a fact because it has been proven multiple times while a theory is educated speculation.
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Define adaptation & selection pressure. Why are these concepts important in understanding human
anatomy & physiology? - (answer)Adaptation is a feature of an organism's anatomy, physiology, and
behavior that has evolved in response to selection pressures and enabled the organism to cope with
challenges of its environment.
Selection pressures are natural forces that promote the reproductive success of certain individuals more
than others.
Select any two human characteristics and explain how they may have originated in primate adaptations
to an arboreal habitat. - (answer)Opposable thumbs and forward facing eyes may have originated from
primate adaptations to an arboreal habitat
In the hierarchy of human structure, what is the level between cell and molecule? - (answer)Organelles
How are tissues relevant to the definition of an organ? - (answer)Organs are made out of tissues. An
organ is defined as a structure composed of two or more tissues working together to carry out a
function.
Why is reductionism a necessary but not sufficient point of view for fully understanding a patients
illness? - (answer)It neglects a possibility of a bodiesemergent properties or physiological factors of
illness.
It is necessary for understanding the physiological causes and symptoms of a patient's illness through
breaking up the body into its individual components and studying them on a simple level.
Why should medical students observe multiple cadavers and not be satisfied to dissect only one? -
(answer)In order to understand effectively the human body in anatomy, medical students must be
aware of the differences in uniqueness to each person.
List four biological criteria of life and one clinical criterion. Explain how a person could be clinically dead
but biologically alive. - (answer)Organization