NR341 PHARMACOLOGY CJE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS A COMBINED STUDY
GUIDE EXAM TESTED AND APPROVED 2025/2026
LATEST EXAM
What are the distribution characteristics of drugs in pediatric patients?
--ANSWER--Pediatric patients have low fat content, decreased
protein binding, increased blood-brain barrier permeability, and
dehydration.
How does metabolism in pediatric patients differ from adults? --
ANSWER--Pediatric patients have an immature first-pass effect,
while older children may have increased metabolism.
What is the effect of immature kidney function on drug excretion in
pediatric patients? --ANSWER--Decreased perfusion and immature
kidney function lead to decreased drug excretion.
What are the pregnancy categories for medications? --ANSWER--
Category A: No risk to humans; Category B: No risk to animal fetus;
Category C: Adverse risk to animal fetus; Category D: Possible risk to
fetus; Category X: Fetal abnormalities reported, DO NOT GIVE.
Page 1 of 62
,What should be considered for lactating mothers regarding
medication? --ANSWER--Risk is present for lactating mothers
despite low medication concentration.
What are the 'Seven Rights' of medication administration? --
ANSWER--Right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right
patient, right documentation, right reason or indication.
What are common sensory motor defects in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Elderly patients may experience sensory motor defects.
What cardiovascular changes occur in elderly patients? --ANSWER--
Elderly patients experience decreased cardiac output (CO) and blood
flow.
What is polypharmacy and why is it common in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Polypharmacy refers to the use of multiple medications,
which is common in elderly patients due to chronic illnesses.
Page 2 of 62
,How does aging affect drug absorption in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Aging leads to decreased gastric pH, decreased
peristalsis, and reduced GI blood flow.
What changes occur in drug distribution in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Elderly patients have increased fat content, decreased
body mass and albumin, and decreased body water.
How does metabolism change in elderly patients? --ANSWER--
Elderly patients experience a slower first-pass effect.
What is the impact of aging on drug excretion? --ANSWER--Aging
results in decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
What is crucial for pediatric patients regarding medication? --
ANSWER--Weight/dose calculation is crucial due to limited studies
on pediatric patients.
How does drug absorption differ in pediatric patients? --ANSWER--
Pediatric patients have less acidic pH until 1-2 years old, slow gastric
emptying, faster IM absorption, and thinner skin.
Page 3 of 62
, What should be done when a medication error occurs? --ANSWER--
Ensure client safety, notify healthcare provider, follow facility
procedures, reflect on the situation, and do not record incident report
completion in medical records.
What is the priority when using reversal agents for drug overdoses? --
ANSWER--Identify the overdose medication.
What are common antidotes for specific drugs? --ANSWER--
Warfarin: Vitamin K; Heparin: Protamine; Acetaminophen:
Acetylcysteine; Calcium Channel Blockers: Intravenous Calcium;
Benzodiazepines: Flumazenil; Beta Blockers: Glucagon; Opioid
Drugs: Naloxone.
What defines an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)? --ANSWER--An
ADR is an unexpected, unintended, or excessive response to
medications given at therapeutic dosages.
What is an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)? --ANSWER--An ADE is an
undesirable occurrence related to the administration of or failure to
administer a prescribed medication.
Page 4 of 62
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS A COMBINED STUDY
GUIDE EXAM TESTED AND APPROVED 2025/2026
LATEST EXAM
What are the distribution characteristics of drugs in pediatric patients?
--ANSWER--Pediatric patients have low fat content, decreased
protein binding, increased blood-brain barrier permeability, and
dehydration.
How does metabolism in pediatric patients differ from adults? --
ANSWER--Pediatric patients have an immature first-pass effect,
while older children may have increased metabolism.
What is the effect of immature kidney function on drug excretion in
pediatric patients? --ANSWER--Decreased perfusion and immature
kidney function lead to decreased drug excretion.
What are the pregnancy categories for medications? --ANSWER--
Category A: No risk to humans; Category B: No risk to animal fetus;
Category C: Adverse risk to animal fetus; Category D: Possible risk to
fetus; Category X: Fetal abnormalities reported, DO NOT GIVE.
Page 1 of 62
,What should be considered for lactating mothers regarding
medication? --ANSWER--Risk is present for lactating mothers
despite low medication concentration.
What are the 'Seven Rights' of medication administration? --
ANSWER--Right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right
patient, right documentation, right reason or indication.
What are common sensory motor defects in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Elderly patients may experience sensory motor defects.
What cardiovascular changes occur in elderly patients? --ANSWER--
Elderly patients experience decreased cardiac output (CO) and blood
flow.
What is polypharmacy and why is it common in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Polypharmacy refers to the use of multiple medications,
which is common in elderly patients due to chronic illnesses.
Page 2 of 62
,How does aging affect drug absorption in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Aging leads to decreased gastric pH, decreased
peristalsis, and reduced GI blood flow.
What changes occur in drug distribution in elderly patients? --
ANSWER--Elderly patients have increased fat content, decreased
body mass and albumin, and decreased body water.
How does metabolism change in elderly patients? --ANSWER--
Elderly patients experience a slower first-pass effect.
What is the impact of aging on drug excretion? --ANSWER--Aging
results in decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
What is crucial for pediatric patients regarding medication? --
ANSWER--Weight/dose calculation is crucial due to limited studies
on pediatric patients.
How does drug absorption differ in pediatric patients? --ANSWER--
Pediatric patients have less acidic pH until 1-2 years old, slow gastric
emptying, faster IM absorption, and thinner skin.
Page 3 of 62
, What should be done when a medication error occurs? --ANSWER--
Ensure client safety, notify healthcare provider, follow facility
procedures, reflect on the situation, and do not record incident report
completion in medical records.
What is the priority when using reversal agents for drug overdoses? --
ANSWER--Identify the overdose medication.
What are common antidotes for specific drugs? --ANSWER--
Warfarin: Vitamin K; Heparin: Protamine; Acetaminophen:
Acetylcysteine; Calcium Channel Blockers: Intravenous Calcium;
Benzodiazepines: Flumazenil; Beta Blockers: Glucagon; Opioid
Drugs: Naloxone.
What defines an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)? --ANSWER--An
ADR is an unexpected, unintended, or excessive response to
medications given at therapeutic dosages.
What is an Adverse Drug Event (ADE)? --ANSWER--An ADE is an
undesirable occurrence related to the administration of or failure to
administer a prescribed medication.
Page 4 of 62
