NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% PASS (A+ CERTIFIED)

1. Hypersensitivity Correct Answer Type 1: Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation Local symptoms: -itching -rash Systemic symptoms: -wheezing Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects 2. Hypersensitivity Correct Answer Type 2: Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue) Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved Can cause tissue damage or alter function Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-mediated lysis. 3. Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity Correct Answer Type 1 Hypersensitivity Organ Specific Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface Type 2 Hypersensitivity Not Organ Specific Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues 4. Hypersensitivity Correct Answer Type 3 - Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies deposit in organs that cause tissue damage 5. Hypersensitivity Correct Answer Type 4: Delayed response Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2 and 3 Is T-cell mediated 6. Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction Correct Answer Type 1 Correct Answer Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized by widely distributed lesions Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with the allergen The key determinant is the timing of the rash: -Type 1 = Immediate -Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy 7. Treatment of Type 4 Rash Correct Answer A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be treated with topical corticosteroid. Why not epinephrine or antihistamines? -Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1 receptors. Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors. Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection 8. Autoimmunity Correct Answer Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family members may not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions