BKAT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION

BKAT FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION What to do first if patient has chest pain. - ANSWER Rest! ECG changes in an acute MI - ANSWER ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads. Ischemia d/t full thickness loss of muscle. EMERGENCY. Inferior leads - ANSWER II, III, aVF. RCA occlusion. Septal leads - ANSWER V1 & V2. Anterior leads - ANSWER V1 - V4. LAD lesion. Lateral leads - ANSWER V5, V6, I, and aVL. Circumflex lesion. Cardiac enzymes - ANSWER Troponins, CK-MB, and CK Changes in CK - ANSWER Rise: 3-6 hours Peak: 24 hours Normal: 3-4 days Changes in CK-MB - ANSWER Released after myocardial necrosis. Specific for myocardial damage. Rise: 3-12 hours Peak: 24 hours Normal: 2-3 days Troponin I - ANSWER Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity. Rise: 3-12 hours Peak: 24 hours Normal: 5-10 days Troponin T - ANSWER Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity. Rise: 3-12 hours Peak: 12-48 hours Normal: 5-14 days Problems with pacemakers - ANSWER Failure to capture, over sensing, and under sensing Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade - ANSWER Rise in filling pressure with decreased CO & hypotension. CVP=PAOP=PAD. Sudden drop in bleeding. Narrowing pulse pressure. Tachycardia, dysrhythmias, decreased ECG voltage. Decreased UOP. Anxiety and restlessness. Low blood pressure and weakness. Chest pain radiating to neck, shoulders, or back. Trouble breathing or taking deep breaths. Rapid breathing. Discomfort that is relieved by sitting or leaning forward. Postoperative care of chest tubes - ANSWER Assess q15 for first few hours to monitor drainage changes. Output to average ~100 cc/hr and should gradually decrease. Average is a total of 1L output. Chest tubes are removed when total drainage is 100 ml for 8 hours. If output 100 ml/hr then order PT, PTT, and platelets. Common conditions that cause a murmur - ANSWER Aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve stenosis Drugs to decrease afterload/SVR/PVR - ANSWER (Arterial Dilators) Nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, amrinone, alpha (Regitine) & Ca channel blockers Drugs to increased afterload/SVR/PVR - ANSWER (Vasopressors) Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine, neosynephrine Drugs to decrease contractility/SVI - ANSWER Beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, labetolol, esmolol) and Ca channel blockers Drugs to increase contractility/SVI - ANSWER Positive inotropes, dobutamine, dopamine, milrinone, and digoxin Drugs to decrease preload/CVP/PAWP - ANSWER Venous Dilators - Nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, amrinone, alpha & Ca channel blockers Diuretics - Furosemide, bumex, mannitol Drugs to increase preload/CVP/PAWP - ANSWER Volume - Colloid, crystalloids, blood, hetastarch Dysrhythmia control - antirhythmics, pacemaker, AICD Initial measures for the treatment of angina pectoris do not include which response below? - ANSWER Beta Blockers The classical ECG change with muscle injury in acute myocardial infarction is: - ANSWER ST segment elevation Elevated cardiac iso-enzymes generally do not occur in which response below? - ANSWER CHF The major therapeutic goal in the treatment of cariogenic shock is to: - ANSWER Increased CO You receive orders to start nitroprusside and dobutamine in your patient with end-stage cardiomyopathy. How will this tx regimen affect CO? - ANSWER Reduces preload and after load and improves contractility Complications when using thrombolytics - ANSWER Allergic reaction, bleeding/hemorrhage, stroke Failure to capture - ANSWER Pacer delivers a stimulus at the appropriate time but no depolarization occurs. No P or QRS wave after pacer spike. Failure to fire/pace - ANSWER No pacer spikes seen Failure to sense - ANSWER Pacemaker does not detects heart's intrinsic activity or interprets noncardiac activity as intrinsic activity. Spikes in inappropriate times. Normal PR - ANSWER 0.12 - 0.20 Normal QRS - ANSWER 0.04-0.10 Normal QT - ANSWER Less than 0.48. Varies by age, HR, and gender. Vasopressors - ANSWER Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine, phenylephrine/neosynephrine, vasopressin/pitressin, milrinone/Primacor, dobutamine/Dobutrex