OCN Oncology Certified Nurse EXAM WITH FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS |ALREADY A
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2025.
Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- Prevention of disease or injury BEFORE it occurs. For
example: using seatbelts and bike helmets, asbestos ban, and immunizations against certain
diseases.
Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- Is early detection of a disease or injury and the
measures to prevent it from worsening. This is would include screening tests/exams and early
detection measures.
Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- Tertiary is the lessening of the existing disease to
reduce long-term effects. This would include rehabilitation or diabetic foot care.
Relative Risk (RR) - CORRECT ANSWER- This refers to the risk ratio OR the risk of cancer
between groups - with one group being exposed to a particular factor and the other unexposed
to that factor. Example: when looking into the risk of lung cancer among factory workers,
individuals would be divided into smokers and non-smokers. Smokers being more likely to
develop lung cancer than non-smokers.
Attributable Risk - CORRECT ANSWER- Attributable risk is the number of diseases that could be
avoided by reducing or avoiding the risk factors of the disease. This is a better indicator to
measure the success of prevention strategies and techniques. An example would be that if all
factory smokers didn't smoke, then the rate of lung cancer would significantly be reduced.
,Most Common Modifiable Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER- Tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, exposure to sunlight, excess body weight, sedentary lifestyle, and poor
diet/nutrition.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Helicobacter pylori (bacterium) -
CORRECT ANSWER- H. Pylori is usually found in the stomach. Spread via fecal/oral route,
contaminated food/water, and mouth to mouth contact.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Hep B & C Viruses - CORRECT
ANSWER- Can cause inflammation and damage to the liver and most common chronic viruses
linked to liver cancer. Hep B infected individuals have a 25-40% life risk of developing liver
cancer. High risk individuals include healthcare professionals and patient receiving dialysis.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) - CORRECT
ANSWER- Can cause mononucleosis. Primary transmission route is saliva but can include
sharing toothbrushes or eating utensils. EBV is related to Lymphoma and gastric cancer.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: HIV - CORRECT ANSWER- Can cause
AIDS. Affects immune system and alters body's response to be able to fight against oncovirus
(which increases risk of cancer). Transmitted via bodily fluids.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: HPV - CORRECT ANSWER- Transmitted
via sexual contact and can occur quickly. Over 100 types. 14 of those are linked to cervical
cancer. Most often types 16-18.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1).
- CORRECT ANSWER- Retrovirus that can lie dormant for decades. But can cause leukemia in a
small group of infected individuals (roughly every 1 in 20 infected). Most commonly transmitted
through sex, sharing needles, breastfeeding, and blood/organ transplants.
, Early Diagnosis: Breast - CORRECT ANSWER- All Women. High risk includes a family history of
breast cancer; genetic predisposition.
Age 20-74: Monthly breast-self exams, annual clinical breast exam.
Age 30: Annual breast MRI and mammography (high-risk individuals)
Age 40-44: Option to start annual mammography.
Age 45-74: Annual mammography.
Early Diagnosis: Cervical Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- All women. High risk include history of
serious cervical precancer.
Age 25-65: A primary HPV test every 5 years. If primary not available, a Pap test every year or
an HPV test with a Pap test every 5 years.
Age 65+: Do not test is normal results for past 10 years.
History of serious cervical precancer: Test for 25 years after diagnosis, even is testing goes past
age 65.
Early Diagnosis: Colorectal Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- All adults. High risk include family
history of colon cancer and genetic predisposition (screening age may be earlier than 45);
history of inflammatory bowel disease.
Age 45-75: Annual physical examination and fecal occult blood test; colonoscopy every 3-5
years.
Early Diagnosis: Lung Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- Risk includes adults who are current
smokers and former smokers who quit in the past 15 years with at least a 20 pack-year smoking
history.
50-80 years: Annual low-dose helical CT
Box 3.1 Example of Health Promotion Programs - CORRECT ANSWER- Urban and rural health
programs; Health literacy programs; Breastfeeding for newborns; Proper nutritional programs;
TESTED QUESTIONS |ALREADY A
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2025.
Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- Prevention of disease or injury BEFORE it occurs. For
example: using seatbelts and bike helmets, asbestos ban, and immunizations against certain
diseases.
Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- Is early detection of a disease or injury and the
measures to prevent it from worsening. This is would include screening tests/exams and early
detection measures.
Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER- Tertiary is the lessening of the existing disease to
reduce long-term effects. This would include rehabilitation or diabetic foot care.
Relative Risk (RR) - CORRECT ANSWER- This refers to the risk ratio OR the risk of cancer
between groups - with one group being exposed to a particular factor and the other unexposed
to that factor. Example: when looking into the risk of lung cancer among factory workers,
individuals would be divided into smokers and non-smokers. Smokers being more likely to
develop lung cancer than non-smokers.
Attributable Risk - CORRECT ANSWER- Attributable risk is the number of diseases that could be
avoided by reducing or avoiding the risk factors of the disease. This is a better indicator to
measure the success of prevention strategies and techniques. An example would be that if all
factory smokers didn't smoke, then the rate of lung cancer would significantly be reduced.
,Most Common Modifiable Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER- Tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, exposure to sunlight, excess body weight, sedentary lifestyle, and poor
diet/nutrition.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Helicobacter pylori (bacterium) -
CORRECT ANSWER- H. Pylori is usually found in the stomach. Spread via fecal/oral route,
contaminated food/water, and mouth to mouth contact.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Hep B & C Viruses - CORRECT
ANSWER- Can cause inflammation and damage to the liver and most common chronic viruses
linked to liver cancer. Hep B infected individuals have a 25-40% life risk of developing liver
cancer. High risk individuals include healthcare professionals and patient receiving dialysis.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) - CORRECT
ANSWER- Can cause mononucleosis. Primary transmission route is saliva but can include
sharing toothbrushes or eating utensils. EBV is related to Lymphoma and gastric cancer.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: HIV - CORRECT ANSWER- Can cause
AIDS. Affects immune system and alters body's response to be able to fight against oncovirus
(which increases risk of cancer). Transmitted via bodily fluids.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: HPV - CORRECT ANSWER- Transmitted
via sexual contact and can occur quickly. Over 100 types. 14 of those are linked to cervical
cancer. Most often types 16-18.
Common Bacteria/Viruses that Increase Risk for Cancer: Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1).
- CORRECT ANSWER- Retrovirus that can lie dormant for decades. But can cause leukemia in a
small group of infected individuals (roughly every 1 in 20 infected). Most commonly transmitted
through sex, sharing needles, breastfeeding, and blood/organ transplants.
, Early Diagnosis: Breast - CORRECT ANSWER- All Women. High risk includes a family history of
breast cancer; genetic predisposition.
Age 20-74: Monthly breast-self exams, annual clinical breast exam.
Age 30: Annual breast MRI and mammography (high-risk individuals)
Age 40-44: Option to start annual mammography.
Age 45-74: Annual mammography.
Early Diagnosis: Cervical Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- All women. High risk include history of
serious cervical precancer.
Age 25-65: A primary HPV test every 5 years. If primary not available, a Pap test every year or
an HPV test with a Pap test every 5 years.
Age 65+: Do not test is normal results for past 10 years.
History of serious cervical precancer: Test for 25 years after diagnosis, even is testing goes past
age 65.
Early Diagnosis: Colorectal Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- All adults. High risk include family
history of colon cancer and genetic predisposition (screening age may be earlier than 45);
history of inflammatory bowel disease.
Age 45-75: Annual physical examination and fecal occult blood test; colonoscopy every 3-5
years.
Early Diagnosis: Lung Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER- Risk includes adults who are current
smokers and former smokers who quit in the past 15 years with at least a 20 pack-year smoking
history.
50-80 years: Annual low-dose helical CT
Box 3.1 Example of Health Promotion Programs - CORRECT ANSWER- Urban and rural health
programs; Health literacy programs; Breastfeeding for newborns; Proper nutritional programs;
