Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning
Bone periosteum - ANSWERSA specialized connective tissue covering all bones
Distal (farther from trunk) and proximal (closer) - ANSWERSThe two attachments to bone for all
limb muscle. Where.
Superior - ANSWERSCloser to the head
Inferior - ANSWERSCloser to the feet
Muscle fibers - ANSWERSThe name for muscle cells that are long, sometimes running the entire
length of the muscle and are grouped into bundles.
Fasciluli - ANSWERSA group of muscle fibers (up to 150)
Perimysium - ANSWERSConnective tissue that surrounds muscle bundles.
endomysium - ANSWERSConnective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers.
sarcolemma - ANSWERSThe name for the muscle fiber's membrane
epimpysium, perimysium, endomysium - ANSWERSThree types of connective tissue in muscle
Motor neuron - ANSWERSName for a nerve cell
Neuromuscular junction - ANSWERSThe junction between the motor neuron and the muscle
fiber it innervates.
,Motor unit - ANSWERSThe name for the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. All of
the muscle fibers contract together when stimulated.
sarcoplasm - ANSWERSThe cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contrains contractile components
which consist of protein, glycogen, fat and enzymes
Myofibrils - ANSWERSHundreds of these small things dominate the sarcoplasm. These contain
the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell (myofilament, myosin and actin).
sarcomere - ANSWERSThe smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle.
sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERSParallel to and surrounding each myofibril and is an intricate
system of tubules where calcium ions are stored and control muscular contraction.
triad - ANSWERSThis is the name for the pattern of t-tubule that run perpendicular to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of the Z-line between two vesicles.
Action potential - ANSWERSAn electric nerve impulse that stimulates the release of calcium
throughout the muscle producing a contraction.
The sliding filament theory - ANSWERSTheory that states that the actin filaments at each end of
the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the
sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber. Myosin cross bridges pull on the actin
filaments and move them. because the displacement of the actin filaments are small, very rapid
and repeated flexions occur.
In normal resting conditions, little calcium is present in the myofibril so very few of the cross-
bridges are bound to actin so no tension is developed. - ANSWERSWhat is the resting phase?
, troponin - ANSWERSA protein situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a
strong affinity for calcium. Calcium binds with this.
tropomyosin - ANSWERSAnother protein molecule that runs along the length of the actin
filament. Because of a shift in this substance, the myosin cross-bridge head can now attach
rapidly to actin filament allowing flexion to occur.
The number of cross-bridges attached to actin filaments at any instant. - ANSWERSWhat
dictates the force production of a muscle?
Contraction phase - ANSWERSPhase in which Breakdown (hydrolysis) of ATP to ADP and
phosphate provides the energy for cross-bridge flexion. This process continues if calcium is
available and relaxes if it is not.
Recharge phase - ANSWERSPhase in which measureable shortening occurs but only when
calcium, ATP and sufficient active myosin ATPase is available for catalyzing the breakdown of
ATP.
Relaxation phase - ANSWERSThis phase occurs when the stimulation of the motor nerve stops.
Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum which prevents the link between actin
and myosin filaments. This phase is brought on by the return of actin and myosin in their
unbound state.
The number of muscle fibers within each motor unit - ANSWERSWhat decides the extent of
control a person has over a muscle?
Acetylcholine - ANSWERSA neurotransmitter that is released via arrival of the action potential at
the nerve terminal. It causes the excitation of the sarcolemma and the fiber contracts.
Bone periosteum - ANSWERSA specialized connective tissue covering all bones
Distal (farther from trunk) and proximal (closer) - ANSWERSThe two attachments to bone for all
limb muscle. Where.
Superior - ANSWERSCloser to the head
Inferior - ANSWERSCloser to the feet
Muscle fibers - ANSWERSThe name for muscle cells that are long, sometimes running the entire
length of the muscle and are grouped into bundles.
Fasciluli - ANSWERSA group of muscle fibers (up to 150)
Perimysium - ANSWERSConnective tissue that surrounds muscle bundles.
endomysium - ANSWERSConnective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers.
sarcolemma - ANSWERSThe name for the muscle fiber's membrane
epimpysium, perimysium, endomysium - ANSWERSThree types of connective tissue in muscle
Motor neuron - ANSWERSName for a nerve cell
Neuromuscular junction - ANSWERSThe junction between the motor neuron and the muscle
fiber it innervates.
,Motor unit - ANSWERSThe name for the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. All of
the muscle fibers contract together when stimulated.
sarcoplasm - ANSWERSThe cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contrains contractile components
which consist of protein, glycogen, fat and enzymes
Myofibrils - ANSWERSHundreds of these small things dominate the sarcoplasm. These contain
the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell (myofilament, myosin and actin).
sarcomere - ANSWERSThe smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle.
sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWERSParallel to and surrounding each myofibril and is an intricate
system of tubules where calcium ions are stored and control muscular contraction.
triad - ANSWERSThis is the name for the pattern of t-tubule that run perpendicular to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of the Z-line between two vesicles.
Action potential - ANSWERSAn electric nerve impulse that stimulates the release of calcium
throughout the muscle producing a contraction.
The sliding filament theory - ANSWERSTheory that states that the actin filaments at each end of
the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the
sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber. Myosin cross bridges pull on the actin
filaments and move them. because the displacement of the actin filaments are small, very rapid
and repeated flexions occur.
In normal resting conditions, little calcium is present in the myofibril so very few of the cross-
bridges are bound to actin so no tension is developed. - ANSWERSWhat is the resting phase?
, troponin - ANSWERSA protein situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a
strong affinity for calcium. Calcium binds with this.
tropomyosin - ANSWERSAnother protein molecule that runs along the length of the actin
filament. Because of a shift in this substance, the myosin cross-bridge head can now attach
rapidly to actin filament allowing flexion to occur.
The number of cross-bridges attached to actin filaments at any instant. - ANSWERSWhat
dictates the force production of a muscle?
Contraction phase - ANSWERSPhase in which Breakdown (hydrolysis) of ATP to ADP and
phosphate provides the energy for cross-bridge flexion. This process continues if calcium is
available and relaxes if it is not.
Recharge phase - ANSWERSPhase in which measureable shortening occurs but only when
calcium, ATP and sufficient active myosin ATPase is available for catalyzing the breakdown of
ATP.
Relaxation phase - ANSWERSThis phase occurs when the stimulation of the motor nerve stops.
Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum which prevents the link between actin
and myosin filaments. This phase is brought on by the return of actin and myosin in their
unbound state.
The number of muscle fibers within each motor unit - ANSWERSWhat decides the extent of
control a person has over a muscle?
Acetylcholine - ANSWERSA neurotransmitter that is released via arrival of the action potential at
the nerve terminal. It causes the excitation of the sarcolemma and the fiber contracts.
