C
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Anatomy and Physiology 1 –
ST
Complete Lecture Notes and Study Guide
BE
ANATOMY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY
- the study of the structure and shape of the AND PHYSIOLOGY
body and body parts & their relationships to
one another. - Anatomy and Physiology are always related
- the term anatomy comes from the Greek - Structure determines what functions can
words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana) take place.
- is the study of the structure and the - For example, the lungs are not muscular
relationships among structures. chambers like the heart and can not pump
- the art of separating the parts of an organism blood, but because the walls of lungs are
in order to ascertain their position, relations, very thin, they can exchange gasses and
& structure provide oxygen to the body.
- cutting something up to see what’s inside
(structure)
- study of anatomy helps in understanding the DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
functions of body.
1. GROSS ANATOMY
- Structures that can be seen with the eye
PHYSIOLOGY - Muscles, bones, various organs
- the study of how the body and its parts work - A type of anatomy that can be undertaken
or function without a microscope
- physio =nature - considers large structures such as the brain
ology = the study
of 2. SURFACE ANATOMY (EXTERNAL)
- it has many subdivisions. For example, - anatomy that we can see at the surface of
neurophysiology explains the working of the the body
nervous system , and cardiac physiology
studies the function of the heart. 3. REGIONAL ANATOMY (SPECIFIC AREA)
- is the study of the normal function of the - complete anatomy (internal) of a specific
human body (to maintain life) region of the body (learning every blood
- Human physiology is the scientific study of vessel, muscle, bones, etc. in the arm) in
the chemistry and physics of the structures medical school
of the body and the ways in which they work - is the study of the interrelationships of all of
together to support the functions of life. the structures in a specific body region, such
- much of the study of physiology centers on as the abdomen.
the body’s tendency toward homeostasis. - Studying regional anatomy helps us
appreciate the interrelationships of body
structures, such as how muscles, nerves,
blood vessels, and other structures work
, C
together to serve a particular body region. the skin in order to decrease body
LE
temperature.
4. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY (ORGAN SYSTEMS)
- the body is divided into 11 organ systems 3. MOVEMENT
ST
- is the study of the structures that make up a - a type of response to stimuli
discrete body system—that is, a group of - Human movement includes not only actions
structures that work together to perform a at the joints of the body, but also the motion
unique body function. of individual organs and even individual
BE
- For example, a systemic anatomical study of cells.
the muscular system would consider all of - ability of a organism in displacement, move
the skeletal muscles of the body. from one location to another
- Study of specific system:
*Integumentary *Nervous *Respiratory
*Endocrine *Skeletal *Digestive
*Cardiovascular *Muscular *Urinary
*Reproductive *Immune *Lymphatic
5. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY environment, such as increased body
- Structures that cannot be seen with the eye temperature, can cause the responses of
- Need to use a microscope sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in
- Cytology = study of cells
- Histology = study of tissues
- Requires the use of a microscope (e.g.
light or phase microscope)
- Microscopic anatomy can deal with the
same structures, though at a different scale.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. ORGANIZATION
- organize structure
- follows hierarchy
- living things are made of cells, which is the
basic unit of life. If something is going to be
alive, it should be made of cells
2. RESPONSIVENESS
- is the ability of an organism to adjust to
changes in its internal and external
environments.
- ability to sense and react to a certain
stimulus and changes from both internal and
external
- Example: Changes in an organism’s internal
, C
4. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
- Development is specialized in structure and
LE
function to perform certain tasks in the body
- Development is all of the changes the body
goes through in life includes the process of
ST
differentiation, in which unspecialized cells
become specialized in structure and function
to perform certain tasks in the body
- Development also includes the processes of
BE
growth and repair, both of which involve cell
differentiation.
- knowledge, IQ and EQ
- Growth is the increase in body size. Humans,
like all multicellular organisms, grow by
increasing the number of existing cells,
increasing the amount of non-cellular
material around cells (such as mineral
deposits in bone), and, within very narrow
limits, increasing the size of existing cells.
- cell division specifically “Mitosis”
is responsible for growth
- Mitosis = divides in result to be alike
- Meiosis = sex cells; haploid
- Gametes = produce through meiosis
5. REPRODUCTION
- is the formation of a new organism from
parent organisms. In humans, reproduction
is carried out by the male and female
, C
reproductive systems. Because death will - Passive Transport = without energy
LE
come to all complex organisms, without - Active Transport = using energy
reproduction, the line of organisms would - Osmosis = segregate
end. - Phagocytosis = Cell eating
ST
- Endocytosis = Cell drinking
- Sexual = copulation; with the use of sex
organs
- 2 parents supply DNA THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
BE
- male and female reproductive
system - To study the chemical level of organization,
scientists consider the simplest building
- Asexual = absence of sexual act blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms
- pollination, cross pollination and molecules
- Elements = all matter in the universe is
6. METABOLISM composed of one or more unique pure
- ability of organism to utilize energy substances
- ex: living things take in energy for - ex: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
maintenance and growth calcium, and iron
- Anabolism- process where simple - Atom = the smallest unit of any of elements
molecules are gathered to create - are made up of subatomic particles such
complex molecules as the proton, electron and neutron
- storing/building of energy
- smaller to larger - Molecule = formed by two or more atoms
combined
- Catabolism- process where complex - ex: water molecules, proteins, and
molecules were broken down of energy sugars found in living things
- breaking down of energy - the chemical building blocks of all body
- larger to smaller structures
7. GENES - Cell = the smallest independently
- traits you have inherited to your parents/ functioning unit of a living organism
ancestor - each bacterium is a single cell
- hereditary/traits - all living structures of human anatomy
- genetics contain cells, and almost all functions of
- dominant and recessive human physiology are performed in
cells or are initiated by cells
8. HOMEOSTASIS - perform all functions of life
- balance between fluids/ chemical - it is the basic functional and structural
components within the body unit of body
- is the state of steady internal conditions
maintained by living things.
LE
Anatomy and Physiology 1 –
ST
Complete Lecture Notes and Study Guide
BE
ANATOMY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANATOMY
- the study of the structure and shape of the AND PHYSIOLOGY
body and body parts & their relationships to
one another. - Anatomy and Physiology are always related
- the term anatomy comes from the Greek - Structure determines what functions can
words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana) take place.
- is the study of the structure and the - For example, the lungs are not muscular
relationships among structures. chambers like the heart and can not pump
- the art of separating the parts of an organism blood, but because the walls of lungs are
in order to ascertain their position, relations, very thin, they can exchange gasses and
& structure provide oxygen to the body.
- cutting something up to see what’s inside
(structure)
- study of anatomy helps in understanding the DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
functions of body.
1. GROSS ANATOMY
- Structures that can be seen with the eye
PHYSIOLOGY - Muscles, bones, various organs
- the study of how the body and its parts work - A type of anatomy that can be undertaken
or function without a microscope
- physio =nature - considers large structures such as the brain
ology = the study
of 2. SURFACE ANATOMY (EXTERNAL)
- it has many subdivisions. For example, - anatomy that we can see at the surface of
neurophysiology explains the working of the the body
nervous system , and cardiac physiology
studies the function of the heart. 3. REGIONAL ANATOMY (SPECIFIC AREA)
- is the study of the normal function of the - complete anatomy (internal) of a specific
human body (to maintain life) region of the body (learning every blood
- Human physiology is the scientific study of vessel, muscle, bones, etc. in the arm) in
the chemistry and physics of the structures medical school
of the body and the ways in which they work - is the study of the interrelationships of all of
together to support the functions of life. the structures in a specific body region, such
- much of the study of physiology centers on as the abdomen.
the body’s tendency toward homeostasis. - Studying regional anatomy helps us
appreciate the interrelationships of body
structures, such as how muscles, nerves,
blood vessels, and other structures work
, C
together to serve a particular body region. the skin in order to decrease body
LE
temperature.
4. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY (ORGAN SYSTEMS)
- the body is divided into 11 organ systems 3. MOVEMENT
ST
- is the study of the structures that make up a - a type of response to stimuli
discrete body system—that is, a group of - Human movement includes not only actions
structures that work together to perform a at the joints of the body, but also the motion
unique body function. of individual organs and even individual
BE
- For example, a systemic anatomical study of cells.
the muscular system would consider all of - ability of a organism in displacement, move
the skeletal muscles of the body. from one location to another
- Study of specific system:
*Integumentary *Nervous *Respiratory
*Endocrine *Skeletal *Digestive
*Cardiovascular *Muscular *Urinary
*Reproductive *Immune *Lymphatic
5. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY environment, such as increased body
- Structures that cannot be seen with the eye temperature, can cause the responses of
- Need to use a microscope sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in
- Cytology = study of cells
- Histology = study of tissues
- Requires the use of a microscope (e.g.
light or phase microscope)
- Microscopic anatomy can deal with the
same structures, though at a different scale.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. ORGANIZATION
- organize structure
- follows hierarchy
- living things are made of cells, which is the
basic unit of life. If something is going to be
alive, it should be made of cells
2. RESPONSIVENESS
- is the ability of an organism to adjust to
changes in its internal and external
environments.
- ability to sense and react to a certain
stimulus and changes from both internal and
external
- Example: Changes in an organism’s internal
, C
4. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
- Development is specialized in structure and
LE
function to perform certain tasks in the body
- Development is all of the changes the body
goes through in life includes the process of
ST
differentiation, in which unspecialized cells
become specialized in structure and function
to perform certain tasks in the body
- Development also includes the processes of
BE
growth and repair, both of which involve cell
differentiation.
- knowledge, IQ and EQ
- Growth is the increase in body size. Humans,
like all multicellular organisms, grow by
increasing the number of existing cells,
increasing the amount of non-cellular
material around cells (such as mineral
deposits in bone), and, within very narrow
limits, increasing the size of existing cells.
- cell division specifically “Mitosis”
is responsible for growth
- Mitosis = divides in result to be alike
- Meiosis = sex cells; haploid
- Gametes = produce through meiosis
5. REPRODUCTION
- is the formation of a new organism from
parent organisms. In humans, reproduction
is carried out by the male and female
, C
reproductive systems. Because death will - Passive Transport = without energy
LE
come to all complex organisms, without - Active Transport = using energy
reproduction, the line of organisms would - Osmosis = segregate
end. - Phagocytosis = Cell eating
ST
- Endocytosis = Cell drinking
- Sexual = copulation; with the use of sex
organs
- 2 parents supply DNA THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
BE
- male and female reproductive
system - To study the chemical level of organization,
scientists consider the simplest building
- Asexual = absence of sexual act blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms
- pollination, cross pollination and molecules
- Elements = all matter in the universe is
6. METABOLISM composed of one or more unique pure
- ability of organism to utilize energy substances
- ex: living things take in energy for - ex: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
maintenance and growth calcium, and iron
- Anabolism- process where simple - Atom = the smallest unit of any of elements
molecules are gathered to create - are made up of subatomic particles such
complex molecules as the proton, electron and neutron
- storing/building of energy
- smaller to larger - Molecule = formed by two or more atoms
combined
- Catabolism- process where complex - ex: water molecules, proteins, and
molecules were broken down of energy sugars found in living things
- breaking down of energy - the chemical building blocks of all body
- larger to smaller structures
7. GENES - Cell = the smallest independently
- traits you have inherited to your parents/ functioning unit of a living organism
ancestor - each bacterium is a single cell
- hereditary/traits - all living structures of human anatomy
- genetics contain cells, and almost all functions of
- dominant and recessive human physiology are performed in
cells or are initiated by cells
8. HOMEOSTASIS - perform all functions of life
- balance between fluids/ chemical - it is the basic functional and structural
components within the body unit of body
- is the state of steady internal conditions
maintained by living things.
