metabolism wk 1 revision QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED SOLUTIONS |COMPLETE SOLUTIONS |A+
GRADED |100% CORRECT!! LATEST VERSION
What are the 3 primary energy Carbohydrates (glucose), fats (fatty acids), proteins (amino acids).
substrates?
ATP generation, synthesis of new cellular material,
What are the 4 purposes of
metabolism? waste detoxification/excretion, heat generation.
What are the metabolic TCA cycle (energy), lipogenesis (fat storage), ketogenesis (ketone
fates of acetyl- CoA? bodies).
What are the main regulatory Insulin (anabolic, storage, postprandial) vs Glucagon (catabolic,
hormones of metabolism? fasting, release).
Performs β-oxidation, synthesises TAGs, packages
What is the liver's role in lipid
metabolism? VLDL, performs lipogenesis from excess
glucose/amino acids.
What are glucogenic vs Glucogenic → glucose (via gluconeogenesis).
ketogenic amino acids? Ketogenic → acetyl-CoA/ketones. Some (isoleucine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan) are both.
What is the urea cycle? Conversion of toxic ammonia (NH₃) into urea in hepatocytes for
renal excretion.
Failure of bilirubin conjugation/excretion →
Why does liver disease cause
jaundice? accumulation of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin
in blood → tissue yellowing.
Why is the horse predisposed Lacks gall bladder, so relies on constant bile trickle and ductal
to bile flow issues? capacity.
Where do you biopsy the liver Right side, 12th-14th intercostal space.
in a standing horse?
What lab findings suggest Weight loss, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT,
liver damage? ALP).
, 10/1/25, 12:22 AM metabolism wk 1 revision
The largest gland; central in metabolism, detoxification,
What is the liver's overall role
in the body? bile production, nutrient storage, immune defense,
and excretion.
Synthesis (proteins, glucose, lipids, clotting factors, urea, ketone
bodies); Secretion
List 6 major categories of liver (bile salts, acids); Excretion (bilirubin, cholesterol);
function.
Storage (glycogen, lipids, vitamins A, D, E, K, B12, iron,
copper); Biotransformation/detoxification (drugs,
toxins, hormones); Phagocytosis (Kupffer cells
clearing aged RBCs, bacteria).
What is the embryonic Haemopoietic organ (produces blood cells from yolk sac
function of the liver? stem cells migrating in) before bone marrow takes
over.
Why is the liver described as Hepatocytes can re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate
"highly regenerative"? after damage, restoring tissue volume and function.
Between diaphragm cranially and stomach/intestines
Where is the liver located?
caudally; mostly right of median plane.
What percentage of body Carnivores: 3-5%; Omnivores: 2-3%; Herbivores: 1-1.5%.
weight is the liver in
different species?
Cranial/diaphragmatic: convex, faces diaphragm.
Describe the two surfaces of
the liver. Caudal/visceral: concave, faces abdominal organs,
contains portal area.
What are the dorsal border Midline groove for caudal vena cava; oesophageal notch to the
landmarks? left.
What are the ventral border Sharp edge, notch for round ligament (ligamentum teres).
landmarks?
Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right
Name the lobes of the dog
liver. lateral, caudate (with caudate and papillary
processes).
Coronary, falciform, right and left triangular ligaments;
What ligaments suspend the hepatorenal ligament; round ligament (remnant of
liver?
umbilical vein); lesser omentum (hepatogastric and
hepatoduodenal parts).
What are the two main Hepatic artery (20-30% blood flow, ~60% oxygen);
blood supplies to the liver? Portal vein (70-80% blood flow, nutrient-rich from GI,
pancreas, spleen).
/ 2/5
DETAILED SOLUTIONS |COMPLETE SOLUTIONS |A+
GRADED |100% CORRECT!! LATEST VERSION
What are the 3 primary energy Carbohydrates (glucose), fats (fatty acids), proteins (amino acids).
substrates?
ATP generation, synthesis of new cellular material,
What are the 4 purposes of
metabolism? waste detoxification/excretion, heat generation.
What are the metabolic TCA cycle (energy), lipogenesis (fat storage), ketogenesis (ketone
fates of acetyl- CoA? bodies).
What are the main regulatory Insulin (anabolic, storage, postprandial) vs Glucagon (catabolic,
hormones of metabolism? fasting, release).
Performs β-oxidation, synthesises TAGs, packages
What is the liver's role in lipid
metabolism? VLDL, performs lipogenesis from excess
glucose/amino acids.
What are glucogenic vs Glucogenic → glucose (via gluconeogenesis).
ketogenic amino acids? Ketogenic → acetyl-CoA/ketones. Some (isoleucine,
phenylalanine, tryptophan) are both.
What is the urea cycle? Conversion of toxic ammonia (NH₃) into urea in hepatocytes for
renal excretion.
Failure of bilirubin conjugation/excretion →
Why does liver disease cause
jaundice? accumulation of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin
in blood → tissue yellowing.
Why is the horse predisposed Lacks gall bladder, so relies on constant bile trickle and ductal
to bile flow issues? capacity.
Where do you biopsy the liver Right side, 12th-14th intercostal space.
in a standing horse?
What lab findings suggest Weight loss, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT,
liver damage? ALP).
, 10/1/25, 12:22 AM metabolism wk 1 revision
The largest gland; central in metabolism, detoxification,
What is the liver's overall role
in the body? bile production, nutrient storage, immune defense,
and excretion.
Synthesis (proteins, glucose, lipids, clotting factors, urea, ketone
bodies); Secretion
List 6 major categories of liver (bile salts, acids); Excretion (bilirubin, cholesterol);
function.
Storage (glycogen, lipids, vitamins A, D, E, K, B12, iron,
copper); Biotransformation/detoxification (drugs,
toxins, hormones); Phagocytosis (Kupffer cells
clearing aged RBCs, bacteria).
What is the embryonic Haemopoietic organ (produces blood cells from yolk sac
function of the liver? stem cells migrating in) before bone marrow takes
over.
Why is the liver described as Hepatocytes can re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate
"highly regenerative"? after damage, restoring tissue volume and function.
Between diaphragm cranially and stomach/intestines
Where is the liver located?
caudally; mostly right of median plane.
What percentage of body Carnivores: 3-5%; Omnivores: 2-3%; Herbivores: 1-1.5%.
weight is the liver in
different species?
Cranial/diaphragmatic: convex, faces diaphragm.
Describe the two surfaces of
the liver. Caudal/visceral: concave, faces abdominal organs,
contains portal area.
What are the dorsal border Midline groove for caudal vena cava; oesophageal notch to the
landmarks? left.
What are the ventral border Sharp edge, notch for round ligament (ligamentum teres).
landmarks?
Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right
Name the lobes of the dog
liver. lateral, caudate (with caudate and papillary
processes).
Coronary, falciform, right and left triangular ligaments;
What ligaments suspend the hepatorenal ligament; round ligament (remnant of
liver?
umbilical vein); lesser omentum (hepatogastric and
hepatoduodenal parts).
What are the two main Hepatic artery (20-30% blood flow, ~60% oxygen);
blood supplies to the liver? Portal vein (70-80% blood flow, nutrient-rich from GI,
pancreas, spleen).
/ 2/5
