10/2/25, 1:56 PM
Cognitive Psychology- ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED DETAILED SOLUTIONS |COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS |A+ GRADED |100% CORRECT!! LATEST
VERSION 2025-2026
claim that when we see a word, we look through our
lexical entries one entry at a time, to determine
Serial search models
whether the item is a word or not. Then we retrieve the
information about the word we need. High frequency
words are at the "front" of the file drawer, and thus are
encountered quickly as matches to targets.
propose that a word activates multiple lexical entries
Parallel access models (or simultaneously (or in parallel). The word that shares the
direct access models) most features with the word we perceive "wins". In
parallel access models, high frequency words do not
need as much activation to be recognized, and thus
will "win" more quickly than low frequency words.
lexical decision task deciding as quickly as possible whether a string of letters is a real
word or not
mental lexicon the mental dictionary of words and their meanings
A serial model says the true 1 multiple choice
mental lexicon is option
organized with high
frequency words first, so
they are easier to access.
higher frequency words are moved to a more primary
serial search
sequential position so they can be accessed earlier
and therefore faster
"data-driven"
bottom-up processing mental processing, in which an individual forms
conclusions based on the stimuli encountered in the
environment
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,10/2/25, 1:56 PM
"concept driven"
top-down processing
knowledge driven, effects
visual agnosia inability to recognize objects
normal perception without meaning
can draw match, and copy but
associative agnosia
can't recognize objects
a disruption in perceiving patterns
apperceptive agnosia
feature detection where object recognition begins
tachistoscope device used to present stimuli for precise amounts of time
the more representative a string is of the regular patterns
of spelling in that language then;
well-formedness The easier it is to recognize the string
The greater the context benefit produced by the string ex:
HYZE (provides little context) vs FIKE
features the small elements that result from the organized
perception of form
interrupts continued processing by replacing the stimulus
on the screen
post-stimulus mask
well-formedness true 1 multiple choice option
influences errors
each detector has an activation level
-with input, this activation level increases
feature nets -detector's "fire" when their response threshold is reached
/ 2/34
,10/2/25, 1:56 PM
Detectors are complex true 1 multiple choice
assemblies of neural option
tissue, not individual
neurons or groups of
neurons
Recency recent firing results in higher starting activation (warm up effect)
Frequency frequent firing results in higher starting activation (an exercise
effect)
-emphasizes the role of inhibitory
connections among detectors
-higher-level word detectors can
influence lower- level detectors
McClelland and Rumelhart
Model -info flows bottom-up, top-down
& within the same level
-there are both excitatory & inhibitory connections
-bigram detectors are not necessary for this model
The words that appear most often in printed materials.
high frequency words
Because they appear so frequently, students identify
them immediately
RBC model (recognition by applies the feature net model to recognition of three-dimensional
components) objects
The idea that letters are easier
to identify when they are part of
word superiority effect
a word than when they are seen
in isolation or in a string of
letters that do not form a word.
-tasks in which study participants
are asked to examine a display &
judge whether a particular
Visual Search target is present or not
-search is efficient when
someone is searching for a
target defined by simple
features
-generally slower in searching for
a target that has a combination
of features
/ 3/34
, 10/2/25, 1:56 PM
A process through which one input or cue prepares a
Priming
person for an upcoming input or cue.
A pattern of priming that occurs simply because a
stimulus is presented a second time; processing is
more efficient on the second presentation.
repetition priming
-Presenting a word once will cause the relevant detectors
to fire. Once they've fired, activation levels will be
temporarily lifted (because of recency of use).
Therefore,
only a weak signal will be needed to make the detectors
fire again. As a result, the word will be more easily
recognized the second time around.
-feature detectors respond to
simple elements in the visual
input
-when the appropriate feature
Simple feature net
detectors are activated, they
trigger a response in the letter
detectors
-when these are activated,
they can trigger a response in
a higher-level detector, such
as a detector for an entire
word
A measure of the current status for a node or detector.
Activation level is increased if the node or detector
activation level
receives the appropriate input from its associated
nodes or
detectors; activation level will be high if input has been
received frequently or recently.
the quantity of information or activation needed to
response threshold
trigger a response in a node or detector, or in a
neuroscience context, a response from a neuron
Hypothetical units in a recognition
system that respond, or fire,
bigram detectors
whenever a specific letter pair is in
/ 4/34
Cognitive Psychology- ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED DETAILED SOLUTIONS |COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS |A+ GRADED |100% CORRECT!! LATEST
VERSION 2025-2026
claim that when we see a word, we look through our
lexical entries one entry at a time, to determine
Serial search models
whether the item is a word or not. Then we retrieve the
information about the word we need. High frequency
words are at the "front" of the file drawer, and thus are
encountered quickly as matches to targets.
propose that a word activates multiple lexical entries
Parallel access models (or simultaneously (or in parallel). The word that shares the
direct access models) most features with the word we perceive "wins". In
parallel access models, high frequency words do not
need as much activation to be recognized, and thus
will "win" more quickly than low frequency words.
lexical decision task deciding as quickly as possible whether a string of letters is a real
word or not
mental lexicon the mental dictionary of words and their meanings
A serial model says the true 1 multiple choice
mental lexicon is option
organized with high
frequency words first, so
they are easier to access.
higher frequency words are moved to a more primary
serial search
sequential position so they can be accessed earlier
and therefore faster
"data-driven"
bottom-up processing mental processing, in which an individual forms
conclusions based on the stimuli encountered in the
environment
/ 1/34
,10/2/25, 1:56 PM
"concept driven"
top-down processing
knowledge driven, effects
visual agnosia inability to recognize objects
normal perception without meaning
can draw match, and copy but
associative agnosia
can't recognize objects
a disruption in perceiving patterns
apperceptive agnosia
feature detection where object recognition begins
tachistoscope device used to present stimuli for precise amounts of time
the more representative a string is of the regular patterns
of spelling in that language then;
well-formedness The easier it is to recognize the string
The greater the context benefit produced by the string ex:
HYZE (provides little context) vs FIKE
features the small elements that result from the organized
perception of form
interrupts continued processing by replacing the stimulus
on the screen
post-stimulus mask
well-formedness true 1 multiple choice option
influences errors
each detector has an activation level
-with input, this activation level increases
feature nets -detector's "fire" when their response threshold is reached
/ 2/34
,10/2/25, 1:56 PM
Detectors are complex true 1 multiple choice
assemblies of neural option
tissue, not individual
neurons or groups of
neurons
Recency recent firing results in higher starting activation (warm up effect)
Frequency frequent firing results in higher starting activation (an exercise
effect)
-emphasizes the role of inhibitory
connections among detectors
-higher-level word detectors can
influence lower- level detectors
McClelland and Rumelhart
Model -info flows bottom-up, top-down
& within the same level
-there are both excitatory & inhibitory connections
-bigram detectors are not necessary for this model
The words that appear most often in printed materials.
high frequency words
Because they appear so frequently, students identify
them immediately
RBC model (recognition by applies the feature net model to recognition of three-dimensional
components) objects
The idea that letters are easier
to identify when they are part of
word superiority effect
a word than when they are seen
in isolation or in a string of
letters that do not form a word.
-tasks in which study participants
are asked to examine a display &
judge whether a particular
Visual Search target is present or not
-search is efficient when
someone is searching for a
target defined by simple
features
-generally slower in searching for
a target that has a combination
of features
/ 3/34
, 10/2/25, 1:56 PM
A process through which one input or cue prepares a
Priming
person for an upcoming input or cue.
A pattern of priming that occurs simply because a
stimulus is presented a second time; processing is
more efficient on the second presentation.
repetition priming
-Presenting a word once will cause the relevant detectors
to fire. Once they've fired, activation levels will be
temporarily lifted (because of recency of use).
Therefore,
only a weak signal will be needed to make the detectors
fire again. As a result, the word will be more easily
recognized the second time around.
-feature detectors respond to
simple elements in the visual
input
-when the appropriate feature
Simple feature net
detectors are activated, they
trigger a response in the letter
detectors
-when these are activated,
they can trigger a response in
a higher-level detector, such
as a detector for an entire
word
A measure of the current status for a node or detector.
Activation level is increased if the node or detector
activation level
receives the appropriate input from its associated
nodes or
detectors; activation level will be high if input has been
received frequently or recently.
the quantity of information or activation needed to
response threshold
trigger a response in a node or detector, or in a
neuroscience context, a response from a neuron
Hypothetical units in a recognition
system that respond, or fire,
bigram detectors
whenever a specific letter pair is in
/ 4/34
