Biology: The Essentials, 4th Edition -
Hoefnagels Test Bank
matter - ANSWERSsubstance that takes up space and is made of atoms
energy - ANSWERSthe ability to do work
element - ANSWERSa pure substance consisting of atoms containing a characteristic number of
protons
periodic table - ANSWERSchart that lists elements according to their properties
bulk element - ANSWERSan element that an organism requires in large amounts
mineral - ANSWERSessential element other than C, H, O, or N
trace element - ANSWERSan element that an organism requires in small amounts
atom - ANSWERSa particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
proton - ANSWERSa particle in an atom's nucleus carrying a positive charge
neutron - ANSWERSa particle in the atom's nucleus that is electrically neutral
nucleus - ANSWERScentral part of an atom; also, the membrane bounded sac that contains DNA
in a eukaryotic cell
,electron - ANSWERSa negatively charged particle that orbits the atom's nucleus
atomic number - ANSWERSthe number of protons in an atom's nucleus
ion - ANSWERSan atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons, giving it an electrical
charge
mass number - ANSWERSthe total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
isotope - ANSWERSany of the forms of an element, each having a different number of neutrons
in the nucleus
atomic mass - ANSWERSthe average mass of all isotopes of an element
radioactive isotope - ANSWERSatom that emits particles or rays as its nucleus disintegrates
molecule - ANSWERStwo or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
compound - ANSWERSa molecule including different elements
orbital - ANSWERSvolume of space where a particular electron is likely to be
energy shell - ANSWERSgroup of electron orbitals that share the same energy level
valence shell - ANSWERSoutermost occupied energy shell of an atom
chemical bond - ANSWERSattractive force that holds atoms together
, covalent bond - ANSWERStype of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons
electronegativity - ANSWERSan atom's tendency to attract electrons
nonpolar covalent bond - ANSWERSa covalent bond in which atoms share electrons equally
polar covalent bond - ANSWERScovalent bond in which electrons are attracted more to one
atom's nucleus than to the other
ionic bond - ANSWERSattraction between oppositely charged ions
hydrogen bond - ANSWERSweak chemical bond between opposite partial charges on two
molecules or within one large molecule
chemical reaction - ANSWERSinteraction in which some bonds break and new bonds form,
rearranging atoms and causing one substance to change into another
reactant - ANSWERSa starting material in a chemical reaction
product - ANSWERSthe result of a chemical reaction
cohesion - ANSWERSthe attraction of water molecules to one another
solvent - ANSWERSa chemical in which other substances dissolve, forming a solution
solute - ANSWERSa chemical that dissolve in a solvent, forming a solution
Hoefnagels Test Bank
matter - ANSWERSsubstance that takes up space and is made of atoms
energy - ANSWERSthe ability to do work
element - ANSWERSa pure substance consisting of atoms containing a characteristic number of
protons
periodic table - ANSWERSchart that lists elements according to their properties
bulk element - ANSWERSan element that an organism requires in large amounts
mineral - ANSWERSessential element other than C, H, O, or N
trace element - ANSWERSan element that an organism requires in small amounts
atom - ANSWERSa particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
proton - ANSWERSa particle in an atom's nucleus carrying a positive charge
neutron - ANSWERSa particle in the atom's nucleus that is electrically neutral
nucleus - ANSWERScentral part of an atom; also, the membrane bounded sac that contains DNA
in a eukaryotic cell
,electron - ANSWERSa negatively charged particle that orbits the atom's nucleus
atomic number - ANSWERSthe number of protons in an atom's nucleus
ion - ANSWERSan atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons, giving it an electrical
charge
mass number - ANSWERSthe total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
isotope - ANSWERSany of the forms of an element, each having a different number of neutrons
in the nucleus
atomic mass - ANSWERSthe average mass of all isotopes of an element
radioactive isotope - ANSWERSatom that emits particles or rays as its nucleus disintegrates
molecule - ANSWERStwo or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
compound - ANSWERSa molecule including different elements
orbital - ANSWERSvolume of space where a particular electron is likely to be
energy shell - ANSWERSgroup of electron orbitals that share the same energy level
valence shell - ANSWERSoutermost occupied energy shell of an atom
chemical bond - ANSWERSattractive force that holds atoms together
, covalent bond - ANSWERStype of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons
electronegativity - ANSWERSan atom's tendency to attract electrons
nonpolar covalent bond - ANSWERSa covalent bond in which atoms share electrons equally
polar covalent bond - ANSWERScovalent bond in which electrons are attracted more to one
atom's nucleus than to the other
ionic bond - ANSWERSattraction between oppositely charged ions
hydrogen bond - ANSWERSweak chemical bond between opposite partial charges on two
molecules or within one large molecule
chemical reaction - ANSWERSinteraction in which some bonds break and new bonds form,
rearranging atoms and causing one substance to change into another
reactant - ANSWERSa starting material in a chemical reaction
product - ANSWERSthe result of a chemical reaction
cohesion - ANSWERSthe attraction of water molecules to one another
solvent - ANSWERSa chemical in which other substances dissolve, forming a solution
solute - ANSWERSa chemical that dissolve in a solvent, forming a solution
