PCB3703 Exam 2 LATEST 2025 WITH QUESTIONS
AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|| GRADED A+||
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What does ANS innervate? -CORRECTANSWER visceral organs (smooth muscle),
glands, blood vessels
Where are sympathetic ganglia? -CORRECTANSWER Near spinal cord;
para/prevertebral
Where are parasympathetic ganglia? -CORRECTANSWER On, near, in affector organs
Which ANS is active when we are active? What is its origin? -CORRECTANSWER
Sympathetic;
Thoracolumbar (T1 - L2/3)
Which ANS is active when we relax? What is its origin? -CORRECTANSWER
parasympathetic;
Craniosacral (brain stem; S2-4)
What effects does sympathetic lead to? -CORRECTANSWER increased HR;
Constriction of BV (except skeletal muscle BV); increased BP; Dilation of pupils;
Closure of sphincters; hair stands; sweating
,What effects does parasympathetic lead to? -CORRECTANSWER decreased HR; pupil
constriction; increased GI motility; increased glandular activity; sphincters open;
contraction of bladder wall
Explain adrenal medulla -CORRECTANSWER specialized ganglion of SNS;
pregang. synapse on chromaffin cells in A.M.;
secretes epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) in circulation
Pheochromocytoma -CORRECTANSWER tumor of adrenal medulla;
secretes excessive catecholamines;
increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine
Which cranial nerves make up the parasympathetic origin? -CORRECTANSWER III,
VII, IX, X
What neurotransmitter stimulate post-ganglionic fibers of SNS; ParaSNS? -
CORRECTANSWER Ach
Which cranial nerve has 3 nuclei? -CORRECTANSWER Vagus
What are adrenergic receptors? (system & receptor types) -CORRECTANSWER
receptors of sympathetic system;
, alpha, beta, & dopamine receptors (2 of each)
What are the two cholinergic receptors & what is their difference? -CORRECTANSWER
nicotinic - first Ach receptor in one transmission line
muscarinic - "found mostly in heart"; final Ach receptor on effector organ (except
adrenal medulla)
Adrenergic receptors Neurotransmitter? -CORRECTANSWER norepinephrine
Cholinergic receptors Neurotransmitter? -CORRECTANSWER Ach
What are peptidergic neurons? -CORRECTANSWER in ParasympatheticNS;
release peptides such as vasoactive inhibitory peptide & substance P
Where are alpha-1 receptors located? -CORRECTANSWER vasc. sm. muscle of skin &
GI; sphincters; radial muscle of eyes
alpha-1 fx? -CORRECTANSWER excitation (contraction / constriction)
alpha - 1 mechanism? -CORRECTANSWER GProtein alpha-s....phospholipase C....
formation of IP3 & increase in Ca2+
AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|| GRADED A+||
GUARANTEED 100% PASS|| NEWEST VERSION
What does ANS innervate? -CORRECTANSWER visceral organs (smooth muscle),
glands, blood vessels
Where are sympathetic ganglia? -CORRECTANSWER Near spinal cord;
para/prevertebral
Where are parasympathetic ganglia? -CORRECTANSWER On, near, in affector organs
Which ANS is active when we are active? What is its origin? -CORRECTANSWER
Sympathetic;
Thoracolumbar (T1 - L2/3)
Which ANS is active when we relax? What is its origin? -CORRECTANSWER
parasympathetic;
Craniosacral (brain stem; S2-4)
What effects does sympathetic lead to? -CORRECTANSWER increased HR;
Constriction of BV (except skeletal muscle BV); increased BP; Dilation of pupils;
Closure of sphincters; hair stands; sweating
,What effects does parasympathetic lead to? -CORRECTANSWER decreased HR; pupil
constriction; increased GI motility; increased glandular activity; sphincters open;
contraction of bladder wall
Explain adrenal medulla -CORRECTANSWER specialized ganglion of SNS;
pregang. synapse on chromaffin cells in A.M.;
secretes epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) in circulation
Pheochromocytoma -CORRECTANSWER tumor of adrenal medulla;
secretes excessive catecholamines;
increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine
Which cranial nerves make up the parasympathetic origin? -CORRECTANSWER III,
VII, IX, X
What neurotransmitter stimulate post-ganglionic fibers of SNS; ParaSNS? -
CORRECTANSWER Ach
Which cranial nerve has 3 nuclei? -CORRECTANSWER Vagus
What are adrenergic receptors? (system & receptor types) -CORRECTANSWER
receptors of sympathetic system;
, alpha, beta, & dopamine receptors (2 of each)
What are the two cholinergic receptors & what is their difference? -CORRECTANSWER
nicotinic - first Ach receptor in one transmission line
muscarinic - "found mostly in heart"; final Ach receptor on effector organ (except
adrenal medulla)
Adrenergic receptors Neurotransmitter? -CORRECTANSWER norepinephrine
Cholinergic receptors Neurotransmitter? -CORRECTANSWER Ach
What are peptidergic neurons? -CORRECTANSWER in ParasympatheticNS;
release peptides such as vasoactive inhibitory peptide & substance P
Where are alpha-1 receptors located? -CORRECTANSWER vasc. sm. muscle of skin &
GI; sphincters; radial muscle of eyes
alpha-1 fx? -CORRECTANSWER excitation (contraction / constriction)
alpha - 1 mechanism? -CORRECTANSWER GProtein alpha-s....phospholipase C....
formation of IP3 & increase in Ca2+
