Ultimate AP Biology Vocabulary Review
Exam Questions and Answers96
diacylglycerol (DAG) - ANSWERS -A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain
kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.
topoisomerase - ANSWERS -Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in
the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
chromatin - ANSWERS -The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic
chromosome.
totipotent - ANSWERS -Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
repolarization - ANSWERS -Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium
into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
virulent - ANSWERS -Viruses that reproduce only by the lytic cycle.
polar - ANSWERS -Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
nonpolar - ANSWERS -No partial charges. Do not mix with water.
electronegativity - ANSWERS -Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.
cohesion - ANSWERS -Water molecules sticking to each other.
,adhesion - ANSWERS -Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.
solute - ANSWERS -Something dissolved in a solution.
solvent - ANSWERS -Dissolving agent of a solution.
isomers - ANSWERS -Same atoms but different arrangement.
structural isomers - ANSWERS -Differ in arrangement of atoms.
geometric isomer - ANSWERS -Differ in arrangement around a double bond.
enantiomers - ANSWERS -Structures that are like a mirror-image.
alpha glucose - ANSWERS -Monomer for starch and glycogen.
beta glucose - ANSWERS -Monomer for cellulose and chitin.
cellulose - ANSWERS -Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
starch - ANSWERS -Storage polysaccharide of plants.
glycogen - ANSWERS -Extremely branched polymer of glucose.
chitin - ANSWERS -Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
,-ose - ANSWERS -Suffix of a sugar.
tryiacylglycerol - ANSWERS -Glycerol and three fatty acids.
steroids - ANSWERS -Made of four rings of carbon.
cholesterol - ANSWERS -Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.
peptide bond - ANSWERS -Bonds that connect amino acids.
Fredrick Sanger - ANSWERS -Determined amino acid sequence of proteins.
disulphide bridges - ANSWERS -Reinforce tertiary structure.
primary structure - ANSWERS -Chain of amino acids.
secondary structure - ANSWERS -Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
tertiary structure - ANSWERS -Results from interactions between side chains.
quaternary structure - ANSWERS -Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.
-in - ANSWERS -Suffix of a protein.
purines - ANSWERS -Bases with a double-ring structure.
, pyrimidines - ANSWERS -Bases with a single-ring structure.
phosphodiester bonds - ANSWERS -Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in
nucleic acids.
synthesis - ANSWERS -To put together.
digestion - ANSWERS -To break apart.
dehydration synthesis - ANSWERS -Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by
loss of a water molecule.
hydrolysis - ANSWERS -Reaction where water split into
two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.
anabolism - ANSWERS -Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
catabolism - ANSWERS -Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
natural selection - ANSWERS -A population can change over time if individuals with more fit
traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.
evolutionary adaptation - ANSWERS -An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance
organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.
artificial selection - ANSWERS -Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective
breeding.
Exam Questions and Answers96
diacylglycerol (DAG) - ANSWERS -A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain
kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.
topoisomerase - ANSWERS -Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in
the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
chromatin - ANSWERS -The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic
chromosome.
totipotent - ANSWERS -Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
repolarization - ANSWERS -Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium
into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
virulent - ANSWERS -Viruses that reproduce only by the lytic cycle.
polar - ANSWERS -Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
nonpolar - ANSWERS -No partial charges. Do not mix with water.
electronegativity - ANSWERS -Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond.
cohesion - ANSWERS -Water molecules sticking to each other.
,adhesion - ANSWERS -Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.
solute - ANSWERS -Something dissolved in a solution.
solvent - ANSWERS -Dissolving agent of a solution.
isomers - ANSWERS -Same atoms but different arrangement.
structural isomers - ANSWERS -Differ in arrangement of atoms.
geometric isomer - ANSWERS -Differ in arrangement around a double bond.
enantiomers - ANSWERS -Structures that are like a mirror-image.
alpha glucose - ANSWERS -Monomer for starch and glycogen.
beta glucose - ANSWERS -Monomer for cellulose and chitin.
cellulose - ANSWERS -Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
starch - ANSWERS -Storage polysaccharide of plants.
glycogen - ANSWERS -Extremely branched polymer of glucose.
chitin - ANSWERS -Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
,-ose - ANSWERS -Suffix of a sugar.
tryiacylglycerol - ANSWERS -Glycerol and three fatty acids.
steroids - ANSWERS -Made of four rings of carbon.
cholesterol - ANSWERS -Steroid common in cell membranes, also in many hormones.
peptide bond - ANSWERS -Bonds that connect amino acids.
Fredrick Sanger - ANSWERS -Determined amino acid sequence of proteins.
disulphide bridges - ANSWERS -Reinforce tertiary structure.
primary structure - ANSWERS -Chain of amino acids.
secondary structure - ANSWERS -Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
tertiary structure - ANSWERS -Results from interactions between side chains.
quaternary structure - ANSWERS -Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.
-in - ANSWERS -Suffix of a protein.
purines - ANSWERS -Bases with a double-ring structure.
, pyrimidines - ANSWERS -Bases with a single-ring structure.
phosphodiester bonds - ANSWERS -Bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar in
nucleic acids.
synthesis - ANSWERS -To put together.
digestion - ANSWERS -To break apart.
dehydration synthesis - ANSWERS -Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by
loss of a water molecule.
hydrolysis - ANSWERS -Reaction where water split into
two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.
anabolism - ANSWERS -Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
catabolism - ANSWERS -Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
natural selection - ANSWERS -A population can change over time if individuals with more fit
traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals.
evolutionary adaptation - ANSWERS -An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance
organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.
artificial selection - ANSWERS -Humans modifying species for desired traits through selective
breeding.
