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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
F F F F
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
F F F F F F F
Unity and Diversity of Cells
f f f f
1-1 Livingfsystemsfarefincrediblyfdiversefinfsize,fshape,fenvironment,fandfbehavior.fItfisfestimatedfthatftherefa
refbetweenf10fmillionfandf100fmillionfdifferentfspecies.fDespitefthisfwidefvarietyfofforganisms,fitfremainsf
difficultftofdefinefwhatfitfmeansftofsayfsomethingfisfalive.fWhichfofftheffollowingfcanfbefdescribedfasfthefs
mallestflivingfunit?
(a) DNAf(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatefwhetherftheffollowingfstatementsfareftrueforffalse.fIffthefstatementfisffalse,fexplainfwhyfitfisffa
lse.
A. ThefParameciumfisfafmulticellularfmicroorganismfcoveredfwithfhairlikefcilia.
B. Cellsfoffdifferentftypesfcanfhavefdifferentfchemicalfrequirements.fC.
Thefbranchlikefextensionsfthatfsproutffromfafsinglefnervefcellfinfa
mammalianfbrainfcanfextendfoverfseveralfhundredfmicrometers.
1-3 Forfeachfofftheffollowingfsentences,ffillfinfthefblanksfwithfthefbestfwordforfphrasefselectedffromftheflistfb
elow.fNotfallfwordsforfphrasesfwillfbefused;feachfwordforfphrasefshouldfbefusedfonlyfonce.
Cellsfcanfbefveryfdiverse:fsuperficially,ftheyfcomefinfvariousfsizes,frangingffromfbacterialfce
llsfsuchfasfLactobacillus,fwhichfisfaffew
inflength,ftoflargerfcellsfsuchfasfaffrog’sfegg,fwhichfhasfafdiameterfoffaboutf
onef
.fDespitefthefdiversity,fcellsfresemblefeachfotherftofanfastonishingfdegreefin
ftheirfchemistry. fForfexample,fthefsamef20f
arefusedftofmakefproteins.fSimilarly,fthefgeneticfinformationfoffallfcellsfisfst
oredfinftheir
.fAlthoughf
containfthefsameftypesfoffmoleculesfasfcells,ftheirfinabilityftofreproducefthe
mselvesfbyftheirfownfeffortsfmeansfthatftheyfarefnotfconsideredflivingfmatter.
aminofacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)fplant yeast
fattyfacidsf s
meter plasmafmembranes
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1-4 Howfdoesfcellularfspecializationfservefmulticellularforganismsfandfhowfmightfafhi
ghfdegreefoffspecializationfbefdetrimental?
1-5 Thefflowfoffgeneticfinformationfisfcontrolledfbyfafseriesfoffbiochemicalfreactionsftha
tfresultfinfthefproductionfoffproteins,feachfwithfitsfownfspecificforderfoffaminofacids.f
Choosefthefcorrectfseriesfoffbiochemicalfreactionsffromfthefoptionsfpresentedfhere.
(a) replication,ftranscription,ftranslation
(b) replication,ftranslation,ftranscription
(c) translation,ftranscription,freplication
(d) translation,freplication,ftranscription
1-6 Proteinsfarefimportantfarchitecturalfandfcatalyticfcomponentsfwithinfthefcell,fhelpin
gftofdeterminefitsfchemistry,fitsfshape,fandfitsfabilityftofrespondftofchangesfinfthefenvi
ronment.fRemarkably,fallfoffthefdifferentfproteinsfinfafcellfarefmadeffromfthefsamef20
f
.fByflinkingfthemfinfdifferentfsequences,fthefcellfcanf
makefproteinfmoleculesfwithfdifferentfconformationsfandfsurfacefchemistries,fandfth
ereforefdifferentffunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminofacids.
(d) fattyfacids.
1-7 WhichfstatementfisfNOTftruefaboutfmutations?
(a) AfmutationfisfafchangefinfthefDNAfthatfcanfgeneratefoffspringflessffitfforfsur
vivalfthanftheirfparents.
(b) AfmutationfcanfbefafresultfoffimperfectfDNAfduplication.
(c) Afmutationfisfafresultfoffsexualfreproduction.
(d) AfmutationfisfafchangefinfthefDNAfthatfcanfgeneratefoffspringfthatfarefasffitff
orfsurvivalfasftheirfparentsfare.
1-8 ChangesfinfDNAfsequenceffromfonefgenerationftofthefnextfmayfresultfinfoffspringftha
tfarefalteredfinffitnessfcomparedfwithftheirfparents.fThefprocessfoffchangefandfselectio
nfoverfthefcoursefoffmanyfgenerationsfisfthefbasisfoff .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectfthefoptionfthatfbestffinishesftheffollowingfstatement:f“Evolutionfisfafpr
ocessf .”
(a) thatfcanfbefunderstoodfbasedfonfthefprinciplesfoffmutationfandfselection.
(b) thatfresultsffromfrepeatedfcyclesfoffadaptationfoverfbillionsfoffyears.
(c) byfwhichfallfpresent-dayfcellsfaroseffromf4–5fdifferentfancestralfcells.
(d) thatfrequiresfhundredsfoffthousandsfoff years.
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1-10 Selectfthefoptionfthatfcorrectlyffinishesftheffollowingfstatement:f“Afcell’sfgenome
.”
(a) isfdefinedfasfallfthefgenesfbeingfusedftofmakefprotein.
(b) containsfallfoffafcell’sfDNA.
(c) constantlyfchanges,fdependingfuponfthefcell’sfenvironment.
(d) isfalteredfduringfembryonicfdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
f f f
1-11 WhichfstatementfisfNOTftruefaboutfthefevents/conclusionsffromfstudiesfduringfth
efmid-1800sfsurroundingfthefdiscoveryfoffcells?
(a) Cellsfcameftofbefknownfasfthefsmallestfuniversalfbuildingfblockfofflivingforg
anisms.
(b) Scientistsfcameftofthefconclusionfthatfnewfcellsfcanfformfspontaneouslyffr
omfthefremnantsfoffrupturedfcells.
(c) Lightfmicroscopyfwasfessentialfinfdemonstratingfthefcommonalitiesfb
etweenfplantfandfanimalftissues.
(d) Newfcellsfariseffromfthefgrowthfandfdivisionfoffpreviouslyfexistingfcells.
1-12 Whatfunitfofflengthfwouldfyoufgenerallyfuseftofmeasurefaftypicalfplantforfanimalfcell
?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchftheftypefoffmicroscopyfonfthefleftfwithfthefcorrespondingfdescriptionfpr
ovidedfbelow.fTherefisfonefbestfmatchfforfeach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionfelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningfelectron
F. bright-field
usesfaflightfmicroscopefwithfanfopticalfcomponentftoftakefadvantagefoffthefdiff
erentfrefractivefindicesfofflightfpassingfthroughfdifferentfregionsfoffthefcell.
employsfaflightfmicroscopefandfrequiresfthatfsamplesfbeffixedfandfstainedfinford
erftofrevealfcellularfdetails.
f f requires fthefusefofftwofsetsfofffilters. fTheffirst ffilterfnarrows fthefwavelengthfrangeft
hatfreachesfthefspecimenfandfthefsecondfblocksfoutfallfwavelengthsfthatfpassf
backfupftofthefeyepiecefexceptfforfthosefemittedfbyfthefdyefinfthefsample.
f f scansfthefspecimenfwithfaffocused flaserfbeamftofobtainfafseriesfofftwo-
fdimensional foptical fsections,fwhichfcanfbefusedftofreconstruct fanfimagefof
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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
F F F F
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
F F F F F F F
Unity and Diversity of Cells
f f f f
1-1 Livingfsystemsfarefincrediblyfdiversefinfsize,fshape,fenvironment,fandfbehavior.fItfisfestimatedfthatftherefa
refbetweenf10fmillionfandf100fmillionfdifferentfspecies.fDespitefthisfwidefvarietyfofforganisms,fitfremainsf
difficultftofdefinefwhatfitfmeansftofsayfsomethingfisfalive.fWhichfofftheffollowingfcanfbefdescribedfasfthefs
mallestflivingfunit?
(a) DNAf(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 Indicatefwhetherftheffollowingfstatementsfareftrueforffalse.fIffthefstatementfisffalse,fexplainfwhyfitfisffa
lse.
A. ThefParameciumfisfafmulticellularfmicroorganismfcoveredfwithfhairlikefcilia.
B. Cellsfoffdifferentftypesfcanfhavefdifferentfchemicalfrequirements.fC.
Thefbranchlikefextensionsfthatfsproutffromfafsinglefnervefcellfinfa
mammalianfbrainfcanfextendfoverfseveralfhundredfmicrometers.
1-3 Forfeachfofftheffollowingfsentences,ffillfinfthefblanksfwithfthefbestfwordforfphrasefselectedffromftheflistfb
elow.fNotfallfwordsforfphrasesfwillfbefused;feachfwordforfphrasefshouldfbefusedfonlyfonce.
Cellsfcanfbefveryfdiverse:fsuperficially,ftheyfcomefinfvariousfsizes,frangingffromfbacterialfce
llsfsuchfasfLactobacillus,fwhichfisfaffew
inflength,ftoflargerfcellsfsuchfasfaffrog’sfegg,fwhichfhasfafdiameterfoffaboutf
onef
.fDespitefthefdiversity,fcellsfresemblefeachfotherftofanfastonishingfdegreefin
ftheirfchemistry. fForfexample,fthefsamef20f
arefusedftofmakefproteins.fSimilarly,fthefgeneticfinformationfoffallfcellsfisfst
oredfinftheir
.fAlthoughf
containfthefsameftypesfoffmoleculesfasfcells,ftheirfinabilityftofreproducefthe
mselvesfbyftheirfownfeffortsfmeansfthatftheyfarefnotfconsideredflivingfmatter.
aminofacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)fplant yeast
fattyfacidsf s
meter plasmafmembranes
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1-4 Howfdoesfcellularfspecializationfservefmulticellularforganismsfandfhowfmightfafhi
ghfdegreefoffspecializationfbefdetrimental?
1-5 Thefflowfoffgeneticfinformationfisfcontrolledfbyfafseriesfoffbiochemicalfreactionsftha
tfresultfinfthefproductionfoffproteins,feachfwithfitsfownfspecificforderfoffaminofacids.f
Choosefthefcorrectfseriesfoffbiochemicalfreactionsffromfthefoptionsfpresentedfhere.
(a) replication,ftranscription,ftranslation
(b) replication,ftranslation,ftranscription
(c) translation,ftranscription,freplication
(d) translation,freplication,ftranscription
1-6 Proteinsfarefimportantfarchitecturalfandfcatalyticfcomponentsfwithinfthefcell,fhelpin
gftofdeterminefitsfchemistry,fitsfshape,fandfitsfabilityftofrespondftofchangesfinfthefenvi
ronment.fRemarkably,fallfoffthefdifferentfproteinsfinfafcellfarefmadeffromfthefsamef20
f
.fByflinkingfthemfinfdifferentfsequences,fthefcellfcanf
makefproteinfmoleculesfwithfdifferentfconformationsfandfsurfacefchemistries,fandfth
ereforefdifferentffunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminofacids.
(d) fattyfacids.
1-7 WhichfstatementfisfNOTftruefaboutfmutations?
(a) AfmutationfisfafchangefinfthefDNAfthatfcanfgeneratefoffspringflessffitfforfsur
vivalfthanftheirfparents.
(b) AfmutationfcanfbefafresultfoffimperfectfDNAfduplication.
(c) Afmutationfisfafresultfoffsexualfreproduction.
(d) AfmutationfisfafchangefinfthefDNAfthatfcanfgeneratefoffspringfthatfarefasffitff
orfsurvivalfasftheirfparentsfare.
1-8 ChangesfinfDNAfsequenceffromfonefgenerationftofthefnextfmayfresultfinfoffspringftha
tfarefalteredfinffitnessfcomparedfwithftheirfparents.fThefprocessfoffchangefandfselectio
nfoverfthefcoursefoffmanyfgenerationsfisfthefbasisfoff .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Selectfthefoptionfthatfbestffinishesftheffollowingfstatement:f“Evolutionfisfafpr
ocessf .”
(a) thatfcanfbefunderstoodfbasedfonfthefprinciplesfoffmutationfandfselection.
(b) thatfresultsffromfrepeatedfcyclesfoffadaptationfoverfbillionsfoffyears.
(c) byfwhichfallfpresent-dayfcellsfaroseffromf4–5fdifferentfancestralfcells.
(d) thatfrequiresfhundredsfoffthousandsfoff years.
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1-10 Selectfthefoptionfthatfcorrectlyffinishesftheffollowingfstatement:f“Afcell’sfgenome
.”
(a) isfdefinedfasfallfthefgenesfbeingfusedftofmakefprotein.
(b) containsfallfoffafcell’sfDNA.
(c) constantlyfchanges,fdependingfuponfthefcell’sfenvironment.
(d) isfalteredfduringfembryonicfdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
f f f
1-11 WhichfstatementfisfNOTftruefaboutfthefevents/conclusionsffromfstudiesfduringfth
efmid-1800sfsurroundingfthefdiscoveryfoffcells?
(a) Cellsfcameftofbefknownfasfthefsmallestfuniversalfbuildingfblockfofflivingforg
anisms.
(b) Scientistsfcameftofthefconclusionfthatfnewfcellsfcanfformfspontaneouslyffr
omfthefremnantsfoffrupturedfcells.
(c) Lightfmicroscopyfwasfessentialfinfdemonstratingfthefcommonalitiesfb
etweenfplantfandfanimalftissues.
(d) Newfcellsfariseffromfthefgrowthfandfdivisionfoffpreviouslyfexistingfcells.
1-12 Whatfunitfofflengthfwouldfyoufgenerallyfuseftofmeasurefaftypicalfplantforfanimalfcell
?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Matchftheftypefoffmicroscopyfonfthefleftfwithfthefcorrespondingfdescriptionfpr
ovidedfbelow.fTherefisfonefbestfmatchfforfeach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionfelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningfelectron
F. bright-field
usesfaflightfmicroscopefwithfanfopticalfcomponentftoftakefadvantagefoffthefdiff
erentfrefractivefindicesfofflightfpassingfthroughfdifferentfregionsfoffthefcell.
employsfaflightfmicroscopefandfrequiresfthatfsamplesfbeffixedfandfstainedfinford
erftofrevealfcellularfdetails.
f f requires fthefusefofftwofsetsfofffilters. fTheffirst ffilterfnarrows fthefwavelengthfrangeft
hatfreachesfthefspecimenfandfthefsecondfblocksfoutfallfwavelengthsfthatfpassf
backfupftofthefeyepiecefexceptfforfthosefemittedfbyfthefdyefinfthefsample.
f f scansfthefspecimenfwithfaffocused flaserfbeamftofobtainfafseriesfofftwo-
fdimensional foptical fsections,fwhichfcanfbefusedftofreconstruct fanfimagefof
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