Key Events, Figures, and Policies in U.S. History:
19th–20th Century
1. What was the purpose of Native American boarding schools? - ✔✔Indian boarding schools were
founded to eliminate traditional American Indian ways of life and replace them with mainstream
American culture.
1. What impact did the results of the 1876 election have on African Americans living in the South? -
✔✔systematically disenfranchising black voters through poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation.
1. Who was Boss Tweed? How did he maintain power? - ✔✔American politician who, with his "Tweed
ring" cronies, systematically plundered New York City of sums estimated at between $30 million and
$200 million, his control over political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to
ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.
1. How did Booker T. Washington's perspective on race relations differ from that of W.E.B. DuBois? -
✔✔Both men were aware that the need for African Americans to become technologically literate was
paramount. However, whereas Washington advocated a hands-on external approach, DuBois promoted
a paternalistic form of advancement of the Black race.
1. How did Carnegie handle the strike in 1892 at his Homestead Steel Plant? - ✔✔sending in 8,500
soldiers of the state National Guard
1. What was the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887? - ✔✔The Interstate Commerce Act
addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do
business.
1. What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890? - ✔✔Congress passed the first antitrust
law, the Sherman Act, in 1890 as a "comprehensive charter of economic liberty aimed at preserving free
and unfettered competition as the rule of trade."
, 1. Describe Ida Tarbell's work as a muckraker. - ✔✔Ida Tarbell helped pioneer investigative journalism
when she wrote a series of magazine articles about John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Trust. She
and other journalists, who were called "muckrakers," aided Progressive Movement reform efforts.
1. What was the purpose/goal of initiatives, referendum, and recalls? - ✔✔In the politics of the United
States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states to place new
legislation, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular
vote.
1. What was the purpose/goal of the Federal Reserve system? - ✔✔It is the Federal Reserve's actions, as
a central bank, to achieve three goals specified by Congress: maximum employment, stable prices, and
moderate long-term interest rates in the United States
1. Give examples of methods used to bypass the 15th Amendment. - ✔✔Through the use of poll taxes,
literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African
Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African
Americans in the South were registered to vote.
1. Why were immigrants often forced to take low-paying industrial jobs in the late 1800s? - ✔✔New
immigrants were often forced to take low-paying industrial jobs because they came from rural areas,
and lacked the skills needed to obtain higher-paying jobs.
1. What was horizontal integration? Which industrialists utilized this method of business organization? -
✔✔John Rockefeller used horizontal integration to create a petroleum company that monopolized the
oil industry, lowered costs and improved quality. A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal
integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly.
1. What was vertical integration? Which industrialists utilized this method of business organization? -
✔✔Vertical Integration was a process in which Andrew Carnegie bought out his suppliers such as, coal
fields, , iron mines, ore freighters and railroad lines, a corporation's expanding its operations both up
and down the production chain from the procurement of raw materials to the actual retail sale of
products.
1. What impact did the Homestead Act and the transcontinental RR have on migration? - ✔✔As
Reconstruction policies failed, black immigrants, called Exodusters, caused another surge in western
migration
19th–20th Century
1. What was the purpose of Native American boarding schools? - ✔✔Indian boarding schools were
founded to eliminate traditional American Indian ways of life and replace them with mainstream
American culture.
1. What impact did the results of the 1876 election have on African Americans living in the South? -
✔✔systematically disenfranchising black voters through poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation.
1. Who was Boss Tweed? How did he maintain power? - ✔✔American politician who, with his "Tweed
ring" cronies, systematically plundered New York City of sums estimated at between $30 million and
$200 million, his control over political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to
ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.
1. How did Booker T. Washington's perspective on race relations differ from that of W.E.B. DuBois? -
✔✔Both men were aware that the need for African Americans to become technologically literate was
paramount. However, whereas Washington advocated a hands-on external approach, DuBois promoted
a paternalistic form of advancement of the Black race.
1. How did Carnegie handle the strike in 1892 at his Homestead Steel Plant? - ✔✔sending in 8,500
soldiers of the state National Guard
1. What was the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887? - ✔✔The Interstate Commerce Act
addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do
business.
1. What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890? - ✔✔Congress passed the first antitrust
law, the Sherman Act, in 1890 as a "comprehensive charter of economic liberty aimed at preserving free
and unfettered competition as the rule of trade."
, 1. Describe Ida Tarbell's work as a muckraker. - ✔✔Ida Tarbell helped pioneer investigative journalism
when she wrote a series of magazine articles about John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Trust. She
and other journalists, who were called "muckrakers," aided Progressive Movement reform efforts.
1. What was the purpose/goal of initiatives, referendum, and recalls? - ✔✔In the politics of the United
States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states to place new
legislation, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular
vote.
1. What was the purpose/goal of the Federal Reserve system? - ✔✔It is the Federal Reserve's actions, as
a central bank, to achieve three goals specified by Congress: maximum employment, stable prices, and
moderate long-term interest rates in the United States
1. Give examples of methods used to bypass the 15th Amendment. - ✔✔Through the use of poll taxes,
literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African
Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African
Americans in the South were registered to vote.
1. Why were immigrants often forced to take low-paying industrial jobs in the late 1800s? - ✔✔New
immigrants were often forced to take low-paying industrial jobs because they came from rural areas,
and lacked the skills needed to obtain higher-paying jobs.
1. What was horizontal integration? Which industrialists utilized this method of business organization? -
✔✔John Rockefeller used horizontal integration to create a petroleum company that monopolized the
oil industry, lowered costs and improved quality. A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal
integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly.
1. What was vertical integration? Which industrialists utilized this method of business organization? -
✔✔Vertical Integration was a process in which Andrew Carnegie bought out his suppliers such as, coal
fields, , iron mines, ore freighters and railroad lines, a corporation's expanding its operations both up
and down the production chain from the procurement of raw materials to the actual retail sale of
products.
1. What impact did the Homestead Act and the transcontinental RR have on migration? - ✔✔As
Reconstruction policies failed, black immigrants, called Exodusters, caused another surge in western
migration
