PCB3703 EXAM 2 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED AND
WELL DETAILED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT) | LATEST EXAM
UPDATE
What does ANS innervate?
visceral organs (smooth muscle), glands, blood vessels
Where are sympathetic ganglia?
Near spinal cord;
para/prevertebral
Where are parasympathetic ganglia?
On, near, in affector organs
Which ANS is active when we are active? What is its origin?
Sympathetic;
Thoracolumbar (T1 - L2/3)
Which ANS is active when we relax? What is its origin?
parasympathetic;
Craniosacral (brain stem; S2-4)
What effects does sympathetic lead to?
increased HR; Constriction of BV (except skeletal muscle BV); increased
BP; Dilation of pupils; Closure of sphincters; hair stands; sweating
What effects does parasympathetic lead to?
decreased HR; pupil constriction; increased GI motility; increased
glandular activity; sphincters open; contraction of bladder wall
Explain adrenal medulla
specialized ganglion of SNS;
pregang. synapse on chromaffin cells in A.M.;
secretes epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) in circulation
Pheochromocytoma
,tumor of adrenal medulla;
secretes excessive catecholamines;
increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine
Which cranial nerves make up the parasympathetic origin?
III, VII, IX, X
What neurotransmitter stimulate post-ganglionic fibers of SNS; ParaSNS?
Ach
Which cranial nerve has 3 nuclei?
Vagus
What are adrenergic receptors? (system & receptor types)
receptors of sympathetic system;
alpha, beta, & dopamine receptors (2 of each)
What are the two cholinergic receptors & what is their difference?
nicotinic - first Ach receptor in one transmission line
muscarinic - "found mostly in heart"; final Ach receptor on effector organ
(except adrenal medulla)
Adrenergic receptors Neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
Cholinergic receptors Neurotransmitter?
Ach
What are peptidergic neurons?
in ParasympatheticNS;
release peptides such as vasoactive inhibitory peptide & substance P
Where are alpha-1 receptors located?
vasc. sm. muscle of skin & GI; sphincters; radial muscle of eyes
alpha-1 fx?
excitation (contraction / constriction)
alpha - 1 mechanism?
GProtein alpha-s....phospholipase C.... formation of IP3 & increase in Ca2+
, What is alpha - 1's sensitivity to epinephrine & norepinephrine?
equal sensitive; only NE from neurons in present in high enough
concentration to activate
alpha - 2 location?
pre-synaptic nerve terminals; platelets; fat cells; WALLS of GI
alpha - 2 fx?
inhibition (dilation / relaxation)
alpha - 2 mechanism?
Gprotein inhibitory.... inhibits adenylate cyclase.... decrease in cAMP
beta - 1 location?
heart (SA/AV/ventricular muscle)
beta - 1 fx?
excitation (increase HR, conduction V, contractility)
beta - 1 mechanism?
activation of Gprotein alpha - s.... activate adenylate cyclase.... increase in
cAMP
beta - 1 sensitivity to catecholamines?
sensitive to both;
more sensitive than alpha 1
beta - 2 location?
vasc sm muscle of skeletal muscle; bronchial sm muscle; walls of GI tract /
bladder
beta - 2 fx?
relaxation (dilation of muscles / walls)
beta - 2 mechanism?
activation of Gprotein alpha - s.... activates adenylate cyclase; increase
cAMP
beta - 2 sensitivity to catecholamines?
more sensitive to epinephrine than norepinephrine
WELL DETAILED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT) | LATEST EXAM
UPDATE
What does ANS innervate?
visceral organs (smooth muscle), glands, blood vessels
Where are sympathetic ganglia?
Near spinal cord;
para/prevertebral
Where are parasympathetic ganglia?
On, near, in affector organs
Which ANS is active when we are active? What is its origin?
Sympathetic;
Thoracolumbar (T1 - L2/3)
Which ANS is active when we relax? What is its origin?
parasympathetic;
Craniosacral (brain stem; S2-4)
What effects does sympathetic lead to?
increased HR; Constriction of BV (except skeletal muscle BV); increased
BP; Dilation of pupils; Closure of sphincters; hair stands; sweating
What effects does parasympathetic lead to?
decreased HR; pupil constriction; increased GI motility; increased
glandular activity; sphincters open; contraction of bladder wall
Explain adrenal medulla
specialized ganglion of SNS;
pregang. synapse on chromaffin cells in A.M.;
secretes epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) in circulation
Pheochromocytoma
,tumor of adrenal medulla;
secretes excessive catecholamines;
increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine
Which cranial nerves make up the parasympathetic origin?
III, VII, IX, X
What neurotransmitter stimulate post-ganglionic fibers of SNS; ParaSNS?
Ach
Which cranial nerve has 3 nuclei?
Vagus
What are adrenergic receptors? (system & receptor types)
receptors of sympathetic system;
alpha, beta, & dopamine receptors (2 of each)
What are the two cholinergic receptors & what is their difference?
nicotinic - first Ach receptor in one transmission line
muscarinic - "found mostly in heart"; final Ach receptor on effector organ
(except adrenal medulla)
Adrenergic receptors Neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
Cholinergic receptors Neurotransmitter?
Ach
What are peptidergic neurons?
in ParasympatheticNS;
release peptides such as vasoactive inhibitory peptide & substance P
Where are alpha-1 receptors located?
vasc. sm. muscle of skin & GI; sphincters; radial muscle of eyes
alpha-1 fx?
excitation (contraction / constriction)
alpha - 1 mechanism?
GProtein alpha-s....phospholipase C.... formation of IP3 & increase in Ca2+
, What is alpha - 1's sensitivity to epinephrine & norepinephrine?
equal sensitive; only NE from neurons in present in high enough
concentration to activate
alpha - 2 location?
pre-synaptic nerve terminals; platelets; fat cells; WALLS of GI
alpha - 2 fx?
inhibition (dilation / relaxation)
alpha - 2 mechanism?
Gprotein inhibitory.... inhibits adenylate cyclase.... decrease in cAMP
beta - 1 location?
heart (SA/AV/ventricular muscle)
beta - 1 fx?
excitation (increase HR, conduction V, contractility)
beta - 1 mechanism?
activation of Gprotein alpha - s.... activate adenylate cyclase.... increase in
cAMP
beta - 1 sensitivity to catecholamines?
sensitive to both;
more sensitive than alpha 1
beta - 2 location?
vasc sm muscle of skeletal muscle; bronchial sm muscle; walls of GI tract /
bladder
beta - 2 fx?
relaxation (dilation of muscles / walls)
beta - 2 mechanism?
activation of Gprotein alpha - s.... activates adenylate cyclase; increase
cAMP
beta - 2 sensitivity to catecholamines?
more sensitive to epinephrine than norepinephrine
