Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5350
Exam 2 Units 5-8
What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and describe each? Incubation
phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of the first symptoms; can last hours to
years. Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild with feelings of
discomfort and tiredness. Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body tissues,
symptoms of illness are at their worst. Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs
and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal, or has period of latency.
What activates almost every aspect of inflammation? Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Clinical manifestations of infection? fatigue malaise weakness concentration loss aching loss of
appetite FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN leukocytosis
What is virulence? Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic? Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates
of infection in a particular population.
Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic? Number of new infections in a particular
population that greatly exceeds the number usually observed.
Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic? An epidemic that spreads over a large area such
as a continent or worldwide.
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram - Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm.
,Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm.
What are Exotoxins? Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses.
What are Endotoxins? Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released during
lysis of bacteria.
How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections? Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein
synthesis.
What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired (noscomial) infections and antibiotic
resistance? Staphylococcus aureus.
What are fungal infections? Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression. Fungal
infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions to human cells.
What is the most common fungal infection? Candida albicans
How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections? Tissue damage by parasites is secondary
to release of enzymes that destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue.
What is the most common parasitic infection worldwide? Malaria.
What is malaria? Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are
transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitos.
Infected anopheles mosquito.
, Parasite enters the bloodstream, survives in the liver, and invades parenchymal cells.
Liver cells rupture and thousands of parasites enter blood, infecting RBCs.
What is the most common affliction of humans and includes the common cold, cold sores,
hepatitis, HIV? Viral Diseases.
What is the viral life cycle?
1. Attachment- it attaches or binds itself to the host
2. Penetrates the host cell.
3. Releases genetic information into the host cytoplasm (RNA viruses enter the host
nucleus; DNA viruses enter host nucleus and may integrate into host DNA; May make
mRNA.
Influenza Virus: Why we have to get new antiviral each year? Surface proteins undergo
change each year.
HIV facts in US? About 13% of the people who have HIV don't know it and need testing.
Estimated new HIV infections declined 12% from 36,500 in 2017 to 32,100 in 2021.
Clinical manifestations of HIV? Diagnosis? Window period: infectious but asymptomatic.
Fatigue, headache, muscle aches, fever (may be asymptomatic for years). Diagnosis: CD4+ T-
cell numbers are at or below 200 cells/uL (depending on age).
What are antimicrobials? What are their mechanisms? Natural products of fungus, bacteria,
and organisms to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Bacteriostatic:
Prevents growth. Bactericidal: Directly kills microorganisms. Mechanism: Inhibits
production and function of the cell wall, blocks DNA replication, inhibits protein synthesis,
and interferes with folic acid metabolism.
What are antivirals? Are sometimes less successful because viruses use host enzymes.
Exam 2 Units 5-8
What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and describe each? Incubation
phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of the first symptoms; can last hours to
years. Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild with feelings of
discomfort and tiredness. Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body tissues,
symptoms of illness are at their worst. Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs
and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal, or has period of latency.
What activates almost every aspect of inflammation? Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Clinical manifestations of infection? fatigue malaise weakness concentration loss aching loss of
appetite FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN leukocytosis
What is virulence? Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic? Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates
of infection in a particular population.
Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic? Number of new infections in a particular
population that greatly exceeds the number usually observed.
Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic? An epidemic that spreads over a large area such
as a continent or worldwide.
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram - Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm.
,Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm.
What are Exotoxins? Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses.
What are Endotoxins? Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released during
lysis of bacteria.
How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections? Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein
synthesis.
What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired (noscomial) infections and antibiotic
resistance? Staphylococcus aureus.
What are fungal infections? Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression. Fungal
infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions to human cells.
What is the most common fungal infection? Candida albicans
How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections? Tissue damage by parasites is secondary
to release of enzymes that destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue.
What is the most common parasitic infection worldwide? Malaria.
What is malaria? Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are
transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitos.
Infected anopheles mosquito.
, Parasite enters the bloodstream, survives in the liver, and invades parenchymal cells.
Liver cells rupture and thousands of parasites enter blood, infecting RBCs.
What is the most common affliction of humans and includes the common cold, cold sores,
hepatitis, HIV? Viral Diseases.
What is the viral life cycle?
1. Attachment- it attaches or binds itself to the host
2. Penetrates the host cell.
3. Releases genetic information into the host cytoplasm (RNA viruses enter the host
nucleus; DNA viruses enter host nucleus and may integrate into host DNA; May make
mRNA.
Influenza Virus: Why we have to get new antiviral each year? Surface proteins undergo
change each year.
HIV facts in US? About 13% of the people who have HIV don't know it and need testing.
Estimated new HIV infections declined 12% from 36,500 in 2017 to 32,100 in 2021.
Clinical manifestations of HIV? Diagnosis? Window period: infectious but asymptomatic.
Fatigue, headache, muscle aches, fever (may be asymptomatic for years). Diagnosis: CD4+ T-
cell numbers are at or below 200 cells/uL (depending on age).
What are antimicrobials? What are their mechanisms? Natural products of fungus, bacteria,
and organisms to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Bacteriostatic:
Prevents growth. Bactericidal: Directly kills microorganisms. Mechanism: Inhibits
production and function of the cell wall, blocks DNA replication, inhibits protein synthesis,
and interferes with folic acid metabolism.
What are antivirals? Are sometimes less successful because viruses use host enzymes.
