UMN PSYCH 1001 EXAM 1 (CHAP 1-4) QUESTIONS
Structuralism - what is it? founder? - Answer -identify basic elements/structures of
experience. Emphasized importance of systematic observation.
- EB Titchener, Wundt
Functionalism - what is it? founder? - Answer -"Why" of psychology, focused on natural
selection
- William James
Behaviorism - what is it? founder? - Answer -Focused on uncovering general principles
of learning underlying human and animal behavior. focused on the scientific aspect
- BF SKinner, Pavlov, and John Watson
Cognitivism - what is it? founder? - Answer -examine the role of mental processes on
behavior
- Jean Piaget
Psychoanalysis - what is it? founder? - Answer -Uncover the role of the unconscious
mind and early life on behavior.
- Sigmund Freud
Clinical Psychologist - what do they do? - Answer -trained in research and work with
individuals with mental disorders
Counseling Psychologist - what do they do? - Answer -trained to help diagnose,
assess, and treat
and work with people experiencing temporary and relatively normal life problems
Biological Psychologists - what do they do? - Answer -examine physiological bases of
behavior in humans and animals
What is a psychological construct? - Answer -Infers a cause based on our observations
what is an operational definition? - Answer -The working definition of what a researcher
is measuring
What is the confirmation bias? - Answer -The tendency to seek out evidence that
supports our beliefs and deny evidence that contradicts them.
What is Belief perseverance? - Answer -Tendency to stick with our initial beliefs even
when evidence contradicts them.
What are the six principles of scientific thinking? - Answer -Ruling out rival hypotheses
, Correlation vs causation
Falsifiability
Replicability
Extraordinary Claims
Occam's Razor
What are heuristics? - Answer -A mental shortcut or rule of thumb
What is System 1 and System 2 thinking? - Answer -System 1: quick, requires little
mental effort.
System 2: slow and reflective. Use mostly for solving problems.
What are correlational methods? - Answer -Research design that examines the extent
to which 2 variables are associated
What is the correlation coefficient? - Answer -The statistics psychologists use to
measure correlation between two things
Strong correlation vs weak correlation - Answer -The closer the correlation is to 1 or -1
the stronger it is, the closer it is to zero the weaker it is
What is a positive correlation vs negative - Answer -positive: if something increases,
the other factor increases too
negative: if something decreases, the other decreases too
What is an illusory correlation? - Answer -People can believe something but in reality
the 2 things are not correlated at all
Why is the experiment considered the "gold standard" in psychology? - Answer -
because only laboratory experiments can clearly separate cause from effect and
therefore establish causality.
What is experimenter expectancy effect? - Answer -a phenomenon that can occur
when a researcher's beliefs or expectations cause him or her to unconsciously influence
the participants of an experiment.
What are inferential statistics? - Answer -Infer whether we can generalize findings to
bigger populations
What is statistical significance? - Answer -When the finding would have occurred by
chance less than 4 in 100, it is statistically significant
What is reliability? - Answer -consistency of measurement
What is validity? - Answer -Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to
measure
Structuralism - what is it? founder? - Answer -identify basic elements/structures of
experience. Emphasized importance of systematic observation.
- EB Titchener, Wundt
Functionalism - what is it? founder? - Answer -"Why" of psychology, focused on natural
selection
- William James
Behaviorism - what is it? founder? - Answer -Focused on uncovering general principles
of learning underlying human and animal behavior. focused on the scientific aspect
- BF SKinner, Pavlov, and John Watson
Cognitivism - what is it? founder? - Answer -examine the role of mental processes on
behavior
- Jean Piaget
Psychoanalysis - what is it? founder? - Answer -Uncover the role of the unconscious
mind and early life on behavior.
- Sigmund Freud
Clinical Psychologist - what do they do? - Answer -trained in research and work with
individuals with mental disorders
Counseling Psychologist - what do they do? - Answer -trained to help diagnose,
assess, and treat
and work with people experiencing temporary and relatively normal life problems
Biological Psychologists - what do they do? - Answer -examine physiological bases of
behavior in humans and animals
What is a psychological construct? - Answer -Infers a cause based on our observations
what is an operational definition? - Answer -The working definition of what a researcher
is measuring
What is the confirmation bias? - Answer -The tendency to seek out evidence that
supports our beliefs and deny evidence that contradicts them.
What is Belief perseverance? - Answer -Tendency to stick with our initial beliefs even
when evidence contradicts them.
What are the six principles of scientific thinking? - Answer -Ruling out rival hypotheses
, Correlation vs causation
Falsifiability
Replicability
Extraordinary Claims
Occam's Razor
What are heuristics? - Answer -A mental shortcut or rule of thumb
What is System 1 and System 2 thinking? - Answer -System 1: quick, requires little
mental effort.
System 2: slow and reflective. Use mostly for solving problems.
What are correlational methods? - Answer -Research design that examines the extent
to which 2 variables are associated
What is the correlation coefficient? - Answer -The statistics psychologists use to
measure correlation between two things
Strong correlation vs weak correlation - Answer -The closer the correlation is to 1 or -1
the stronger it is, the closer it is to zero the weaker it is
What is a positive correlation vs negative - Answer -positive: if something increases,
the other factor increases too
negative: if something decreases, the other decreases too
What is an illusory correlation? - Answer -People can believe something but in reality
the 2 things are not correlated at all
Why is the experiment considered the "gold standard" in psychology? - Answer -
because only laboratory experiments can clearly separate cause from effect and
therefore establish causality.
What is experimenter expectancy effect? - Answer -a phenomenon that can occur
when a researcher's beliefs or expectations cause him or her to unconsciously influence
the participants of an experiment.
What are inferential statistics? - Answer -Infer whether we can generalize findings to
bigger populations
What is statistical significance? - Answer -When the finding would have occurred by
chance less than 4 in 100, it is statistically significant
What is reliability? - Answer -consistency of measurement
What is validity? - Answer -Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to
measure
