NAVLE NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
Hypokalemic myopathy - ANSWER - acute onset older cat CERVICAL VENTOFLEXION,
generalized weakness, stiff gait, hereditary
- dfdx = polymyositis, MG, organophosphate
- dx = blood K+ < 3.5, renal profile, thyroid panel, CK, positive response to K
supplementation
- tx = oral potassium gluconate
- usually associated w/ CKD
Aortic thromboembolism - ANSWER - middle age male > female
- signs = acute onset pain, paraplegia, COOL CYANOTIC FEET/NAIL BEDS, loss of deep
pain
dfdx: spinal trauma, spinal tumor, myelitis, pelvic fracture
dx: bloodwork, heartworm, T4, coag, echo, doppler, FAST scan
tx: tx underlying dz and manage pain, close dissolution warfarin heparin, clopidogrel
FIP dry form - ANSWER - uveitis/chorioretinitis protein, change in iris color
< 2 yo, multicat household, purebred
dx: CSF titer + analysis protein > 200, WBC > 100
,often involves brainstem or cerebellum
Diabetic polyneuropathy - ANSWER - > 7 yo, neutered males
- lethargy, poor grooming, plantigrade stance, poor patellar reflexes, CP deficits
- dx = serum and urine glucose
- tx = insulin glargine, restrict carbs (<15% met energy), increase fiber
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome - ANSWER - hypersensitivity to touch in
lumbar/lumbosacral region
- biting and licking at back and tail, swing crawling
dfdx = dermatitis, anal sacculitis, UTI, spinal tumor, neuritis, spina trauma, myositis,
meningitis, behavioral
dx of exclusion
tx = environmental enrichment, anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants
Products of liver - ANSWER - bilirubin
bile acids
fibrinogen
albumin
antithrombin III
BUN = best measure of liver function
cholesterol
glucose
coag factors
Bilirubin in horses - ANSWER - develop increased bilirubin in response to fasting (may
,become icteric)
- when liver fails in horse = often hemolytic crisis --> seen in TERMINAL LIVER DZ
PSS signs - ANSWER - cats = ptyalism, BRIGHT ORANGE IRISES
- dogs = yorkies; large breed (intrahepatic), small (extrahepatic)
- both = depression, lethargy, salivation, poor weight gain, aggression, failure to thrive,
hepatic encephalopathy, underweight
PSS diagnosis - ANSWER - bloodwork = microcytic anemia, elevated bile acids
- UA = predisposed to urate stones
phrenicoabdominal veins = ONLY veins that should enter vena cava b/w hepatic and
renal veins
PSS treatment - ANSWER - lactulose = carbohydrate metabolized to acid in gut -->
lowers colonic pH --> keeps ammonia in ionized form; cathartic and decreases GI transit
time (decreases absorption of ammonia)
- substitute dairy and vegetable proteins instead of meat = feed max protein they can
tolerate w/o signs of encephalopathy
- neomycin = kills urease-producing microflora
Hepatoencephalopathy - ANSWER - signs = chronic weight loss, yawning frequently,
unaware of surroundings, neuro signs
, - due to increase in AMMONIA, AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS, and metacaptans to brain
- hepatocutaneous syndrome = bilaterally symmetric crusting and ulcerating lesions on
footpads, mucocutaneous junctions, ears, periorbital
- associated w/ hepatopathy, pancreatitis, neuroendocrine tumors, concurrent DM
Lyme dz - ANSWER - agent = borrelia burgdorferi
vector = IXODES-usually from white-footed mouse
human = erythema migrans
dogs = arthritis, lymphadenopathy, fever, anorexia, myocarditis
tx = doxycycline
Ehrlichia - ANSWER - canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis = E. ewingii, Anaplasma
phagocytophila; vector --> Amblyomma
canine monocytic ehrlihiosis = E. canis; vector --> rhipicephalus; can cause chronic
infection
signs = fever, edema of limbs, petechiation, lymphadenopathy, joint pain, hypoalbumin,
thrombocytopenia
RMSF - ANSWER- agent = rickettsia rickettsii
vector = Dermacentor (east coast and midwest)
signs = same as ehrlichia; differentiate b/c RMSF's course is over in 2 weeks
causes vasculitis
tx = oral tetracyclines
dogs = sentinel species
Tularemia - ANSWER - agent = francisella tularensis
cats and dogs infected by close contact w/ rodents (esp. RABBITS)
CORRECT ANSWERS
Hypokalemic myopathy - ANSWER - acute onset older cat CERVICAL VENTOFLEXION,
generalized weakness, stiff gait, hereditary
- dfdx = polymyositis, MG, organophosphate
- dx = blood K+ < 3.5, renal profile, thyroid panel, CK, positive response to K
supplementation
- tx = oral potassium gluconate
- usually associated w/ CKD
Aortic thromboembolism - ANSWER - middle age male > female
- signs = acute onset pain, paraplegia, COOL CYANOTIC FEET/NAIL BEDS, loss of deep
pain
dfdx: spinal trauma, spinal tumor, myelitis, pelvic fracture
dx: bloodwork, heartworm, T4, coag, echo, doppler, FAST scan
tx: tx underlying dz and manage pain, close dissolution warfarin heparin, clopidogrel
FIP dry form - ANSWER - uveitis/chorioretinitis protein, change in iris color
< 2 yo, multicat household, purebred
dx: CSF titer + analysis protein > 200, WBC > 100
,often involves brainstem or cerebellum
Diabetic polyneuropathy - ANSWER - > 7 yo, neutered males
- lethargy, poor grooming, plantigrade stance, poor patellar reflexes, CP deficits
- dx = serum and urine glucose
- tx = insulin glargine, restrict carbs (<15% met energy), increase fiber
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome - ANSWER - hypersensitivity to touch in
lumbar/lumbosacral region
- biting and licking at back and tail, swing crawling
dfdx = dermatitis, anal sacculitis, UTI, spinal tumor, neuritis, spina trauma, myositis,
meningitis, behavioral
dx of exclusion
tx = environmental enrichment, anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants
Products of liver - ANSWER - bilirubin
bile acids
fibrinogen
albumin
antithrombin III
BUN = best measure of liver function
cholesterol
glucose
coag factors
Bilirubin in horses - ANSWER - develop increased bilirubin in response to fasting (may
,become icteric)
- when liver fails in horse = often hemolytic crisis --> seen in TERMINAL LIVER DZ
PSS signs - ANSWER - cats = ptyalism, BRIGHT ORANGE IRISES
- dogs = yorkies; large breed (intrahepatic), small (extrahepatic)
- both = depression, lethargy, salivation, poor weight gain, aggression, failure to thrive,
hepatic encephalopathy, underweight
PSS diagnosis - ANSWER - bloodwork = microcytic anemia, elevated bile acids
- UA = predisposed to urate stones
phrenicoabdominal veins = ONLY veins that should enter vena cava b/w hepatic and
renal veins
PSS treatment - ANSWER - lactulose = carbohydrate metabolized to acid in gut -->
lowers colonic pH --> keeps ammonia in ionized form; cathartic and decreases GI transit
time (decreases absorption of ammonia)
- substitute dairy and vegetable proteins instead of meat = feed max protein they can
tolerate w/o signs of encephalopathy
- neomycin = kills urease-producing microflora
Hepatoencephalopathy - ANSWER - signs = chronic weight loss, yawning frequently,
unaware of surroundings, neuro signs
, - due to increase in AMMONIA, AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS, and metacaptans to brain
- hepatocutaneous syndrome = bilaterally symmetric crusting and ulcerating lesions on
footpads, mucocutaneous junctions, ears, periorbital
- associated w/ hepatopathy, pancreatitis, neuroendocrine tumors, concurrent DM
Lyme dz - ANSWER - agent = borrelia burgdorferi
vector = IXODES-usually from white-footed mouse
human = erythema migrans
dogs = arthritis, lymphadenopathy, fever, anorexia, myocarditis
tx = doxycycline
Ehrlichia - ANSWER - canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis = E. ewingii, Anaplasma
phagocytophila; vector --> Amblyomma
canine monocytic ehrlihiosis = E. canis; vector --> rhipicephalus; can cause chronic
infection
signs = fever, edema of limbs, petechiation, lymphadenopathy, joint pain, hypoalbumin,
thrombocytopenia
RMSF - ANSWER- agent = rickettsia rickettsii
vector = Dermacentor (east coast and midwest)
signs = same as ehrlichia; differentiate b/c RMSF's course is over in 2 weeks
causes vasculitis
tx = oral tetracyclines
dogs = sentinel species
Tularemia - ANSWER - agent = francisella tularensis
cats and dogs infected by close contact w/ rodents (esp. RABBITS)
