NUR 426 Exam 2 Voit ASU Spring 2025
You should know the significance of the following (why would it be high vs low), but do
not need to memorize know normal ranges - answer Phosphorus→ (high) foods like
proteins, dairy, nuts, inc renal absorption; (low) vitamin D deficiency (calcitriol) → kidney
dysfunction (CKD), long term use of phosphate binders
Calcium→ (high) inc calcium intake, too much vitamin D; (low) CKD, vitamin D
deficiency
Magnesium (in relationship to AKI/CKD)→ (high) CKD; (low) poor absorption, r/t
hypokalemia
CMP (complete metabolic panel)- what electrolytes are included in a CMP? (answer:
calcium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride)
Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (liver enzymes)→
(high) hepatitis, chronic alcohol use; (low) CKD
WBC→ (high) infection; (low) immune
compromised
BUN→ (high) kidney dysfunction, dehydration, corticosteroids, catabolism from
infection, fever, severe injury, GI bleed; (low) liver damage, very low protein diet
Hemoglobin→ (high) inc need of O2 carrying capacity→ COPD, HF; (low) hemorrhage
Hematocrit→ (high) dehydration; (low) hemorrhage
Platelets→ (high) platelet disorder; (low) hemorrhage
Creatinine→ (high) kidney dysfunction; (low) liver disease
Sodium→ (high) dehydration ; (low) fluid overload
Potassium→ (high) CKD/AKI, furosemide ; (low) potassium sparing diuretics, r/t
hypomagnesemia
Lactate→ (high) infection, kidney and liver disease; (low) N/A
Blood Glucose→ (high) uncontrolled diabetes; (low) hypoglycemia
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Potassium Chloride - answerIndications→ potassium replacement
Side effects→ dysrhythmias
Considerations→ not IVP, monitor K+ levels
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Erythropoietein - answerIndications→ CKD
Side effects→ HTN, thrombosis at fistulas
Considerations→ monitor BP
,The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Renvela (Sevelamer) - answerIndications→ phos binder for CKD
Side effects→ hypophosphatemia (long-term)
Considerations→ monitor bicarb and chloride levels
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Baclofen - answerIndications→ muscle spasms
Side effects→ muscle relaxation, toxicity, drowsiness, sedation, diaphoresis
Considerations→PO, for larger does (severe spasm) needs a pumps (intrathecal
catheter)
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Botulinum toxin A - answerIndications→ muscle spasms, spastic CP
Side effects→ temporary weakness
Considerations→ inc need for botox over time, lasts 3-6 mo, peaks at 2 weeks
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Diazepam - answerIndications→ seizures, anxiety
Side effects→ CNS depression, drowsiness
Considerations→ monitor BP and RR, flumazenil reversal agent
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Furosemide - answerIndications→ antihypertensive, edema, HF
Side effects→ voiding, hypokalemia
Considerations→ potassium supplements, monitor BP
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Insulin - answerIndications→ hyperglycemia
Side effects→ hypoglycemia, hypokalemia
Considerations→ monitor potassium
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
, Dextrose - answerIndications→ hypoglycemia, adjunct for DKA tx
Side effects→ raise blood glucose levels
Considerations→ monitor blood glucose
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Acetaminophen - answerIndications→ mild pain, fever
Side effects→ drowsiness
Considerations→ liver damage
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Tacrolimus - answerIndications→ prevention of organ transplant rejection
Side effects→ immunosuppression
Considerations→ monitor BP (HTN), renal/hepatic function
Disease function of cerebral palsy (CP) - answer-CP→ change in developing brain,
permanent, non-progressive, not curable
-considered static encephalopathy (static in nature)
-brain anomaly does not change nor get worse, but symptoms changes with
development over time
-ex. Muscle spasticity can get better, worse, or remain the same
-Causes
-premature <28 wks
-VLBW, LBW
Idiopathic
Pre-birth→ infection (chorio), toxic exposure, brain abnormalities
Birth→ traumatic birth, long labor-brain damage (O2 deficits), stroke, bradycardia
After birth→ kernicterus (jaundice after birth), shaken baby syndrome, bacterial
meningitis, multiple births, hypoxia, seizures
Spastic CP - answer-Spastic→ inc tone (most common)
-inc muscle tone, hyperreflexive clonus
-tight and flexed
-Types of spastic CP
-tetraplegia→ 4 limbs, cognitive deficits common here; likelihood of epilepsy and EPS
abnormalities
-diplegia→ 4 limbs (LE>UE)
-triplegia→ 3 limbs
-monoplegia→ 1 limb
-hemiplegia→ ½ side of body
Dyskinetic CP - answer-Dyskinetic→ fluctuating tone-abnormal movements, posture,
and coordination
You should know the significance of the following (why would it be high vs low), but do
not need to memorize know normal ranges - answer Phosphorus→ (high) foods like
proteins, dairy, nuts, inc renal absorption; (low) vitamin D deficiency (calcitriol) → kidney
dysfunction (CKD), long term use of phosphate binders
Calcium→ (high) inc calcium intake, too much vitamin D; (low) CKD, vitamin D
deficiency
Magnesium (in relationship to AKI/CKD)→ (high) CKD; (low) poor absorption, r/t
hypokalemia
CMP (complete metabolic panel)- what electrolytes are included in a CMP? (answer:
calcium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride)
Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (liver enzymes)→
(high) hepatitis, chronic alcohol use; (low) CKD
WBC→ (high) infection; (low) immune
compromised
BUN→ (high) kidney dysfunction, dehydration, corticosteroids, catabolism from
infection, fever, severe injury, GI bleed; (low) liver damage, very low protein diet
Hemoglobin→ (high) inc need of O2 carrying capacity→ COPD, HF; (low) hemorrhage
Hematocrit→ (high) dehydration; (low) hemorrhage
Platelets→ (high) platelet disorder; (low) hemorrhage
Creatinine→ (high) kidney dysfunction; (low) liver disease
Sodium→ (high) dehydration ; (low) fluid overload
Potassium→ (high) CKD/AKI, furosemide ; (low) potassium sparing diuretics, r/t
hypomagnesemia
Lactate→ (high) infection, kidney and liver disease; (low) N/A
Blood Glucose→ (high) uncontrolled diabetes; (low) hypoglycemia
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Potassium Chloride - answerIndications→ potassium replacement
Side effects→ dysrhythmias
Considerations→ not IVP, monitor K+ levels
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Erythropoietein - answerIndications→ CKD
Side effects→ HTN, thrombosis at fistulas
Considerations→ monitor BP
,The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Renvela (Sevelamer) - answerIndications→ phos binder for CKD
Side effects→ hypophosphatemia (long-term)
Considerations→ monitor bicarb and chloride levels
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Baclofen - answerIndications→ muscle spasms
Side effects→ muscle relaxation, toxicity, drowsiness, sedation, diaphoresis
Considerations→PO, for larger does (severe spasm) needs a pumps (intrathecal
catheter)
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Botulinum toxin A - answerIndications→ muscle spasms, spastic CP
Side effects→ temporary weakness
Considerations→ inc need for botox over time, lasts 3-6 mo, peaks at 2 weeks
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Diazepam - answerIndications→ seizures, anxiety
Side effects→ CNS depression, drowsiness
Considerations→ monitor BP and RR, flumazenil reversal agent
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Furosemide - answerIndications→ antihypertensive, edema, HF
Side effects→ voiding, hypokalemia
Considerations→ potassium supplements, monitor BP
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Insulin - answerIndications→ hyperglycemia
Side effects→ hypoglycemia, hypokalemia
Considerations→ monitor potassium
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
, Dextrose - answerIndications→ hypoglycemia, adjunct for DKA tx
Side effects→ raise blood glucose levels
Considerations→ monitor blood glucose
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Acetaminophen - answerIndications→ mild pain, fever
Side effects→ drowsiness
Considerations→ liver damage
The following medications could be tested on this exam. You should know the
medication's indications, side effects, and nursing considerations when administering
these:
Tacrolimus - answerIndications→ prevention of organ transplant rejection
Side effects→ immunosuppression
Considerations→ monitor BP (HTN), renal/hepatic function
Disease function of cerebral palsy (CP) - answer-CP→ change in developing brain,
permanent, non-progressive, not curable
-considered static encephalopathy (static in nature)
-brain anomaly does not change nor get worse, but symptoms changes with
development over time
-ex. Muscle spasticity can get better, worse, or remain the same
-Causes
-premature <28 wks
-VLBW, LBW
Idiopathic
Pre-birth→ infection (chorio), toxic exposure, brain abnormalities
Birth→ traumatic birth, long labor-brain damage (O2 deficits), stroke, bradycardia
After birth→ kernicterus (jaundice after birth), shaken baby syndrome, bacterial
meningitis, multiple births, hypoxia, seizures
Spastic CP - answer-Spastic→ inc tone (most common)
-inc muscle tone, hyperreflexive clonus
-tight and flexed
-Types of spastic CP
-tetraplegia→ 4 limbs, cognitive deficits common here; likelihood of epilepsy and EPS
abnormalities
-diplegia→ 4 limbs (LE>UE)
-triplegia→ 3 limbs
-monoplegia→ 1 limb
-hemiplegia→ ½ side of body
Dyskinetic CP - answer-Dyskinetic→ fluctuating tone-abnormal movements, posture,
and coordination
