Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH 100% RATED CORRECT ANSWERS | 2025 LATEST
UPDATED | GET A+
1
Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by a reversible
change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type,
often in response to chronic irritation or inflammation?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
E) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: C) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated
cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type, typically in
response to chronic stress or irritation, allowing the tissue to better
withstand the adverse environment.
2
Necrosis differs from apoptosis primarily in that necrosis is:
A) A programmed and controlled form of cell death.
B) Always initiated by intracellular signals.
C) Associated with a significant inflammatory response.
D) Limited to single cells.
E) Only seen in embryonic development.
Correct Answer: C) Associated with a significant inflammatory
response.
Rationale: Necrosis is an uncontrolled, unprogrammed form of cell
death that results from severe, irreversible cell injury. It leads to
cell swelling, lysis, and the release of intracellular contents, which
triggers a robust local inflammatory response.
3
Which type of necrosis is characterized by cellular dissolution and is typically
,found in soft tissues like the brain after a stroke?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
E) Gangrenous necrosis
Correct Answer: B) Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs when cellular digestion by
hydrolytic enzymes dominates, leading to the formation of a liquid,
viscous mass. This is commonly seen in focal bacterial or fungal
infections and in ischemic injury to the brain, where the necrotic
tissue is liquefied.
4
The primary mechanism by which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) exert their anti-inflammatory effect is by inhibiting the synthesis of:
A) Histamine
B) Bradykinin
C) Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
D) Leukotrienes
E) Serotonin
Correct Answer: C) Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
Rationale: NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX)
enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which are responsible for converting
arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (mediators of pain, fever, and
inflammation) and thromboxanes.
5
Which of the following is a key characteristic of acute inflammation?
A) Predominance of lymphocytes and macrophages.
B) Infiltration of neutrophils, vasodilation, and increased vascular
permeability.
,C) Formation of granulomas.
D) Long duration, often weeks to months.
E) Extensive fibrosis and tissue destruction.
Correct Answer: B) Infiltration of neutrophils, vasodilation, and
increased vascular permeability.
Rationale: Acute inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset,
typically lasting minutes to days, and involves the immediate influx
of neutrophils, vasodilation leading to redness and warmth, and
increased vascular permeability causing edema and swelling.
6
A patient presents with a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). This is an
example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: A) Type I (Immediate)
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a classic example of a Type I (Immediate)
hypersensitivity reaction, which is mediated by IgE antibodies
binding to mast cells and basophils, leading to massive release of
histamine and other mediators.
7
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves antibody-mediated cellular
destruction, such as in ABO incompatibility transfusion reactions or
autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
, E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
Rationale: Type II (Cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions involve IgG or
IgM antibodies binding to antigens on the surface of target cells,
leading to cellular lysis through complement activation or antibody-
dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
8
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that is
primarily characterized by the formation and deposition of autoantibody-
antigen complexes in various tissues. This makes SLE an example of which
type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: C) Type III (Immune Complex)
Rationale: SLE is a classic Type III (Immune Complex) hypersensitivity
reaction. Autoantibodies form against self-antigens, creating
soluble immune complexes that deposit in various tissues (e.g.,
kidneys, joints, skin), triggering inflammation and tissue damage.
9
A positive Mantoux (tuberculin) skin test for tuberculosis is an example of
which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: D) Type IV (Delayed)
WITH 100% RATED CORRECT ANSWERS | 2025 LATEST
UPDATED | GET A+
1
Which of the following cellular adaptations is characterized by a reversible
change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type,
often in response to chronic irritation or inflammation?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
E) Anaplasia
Correct Answer: C) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated
cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type, typically in
response to chronic stress or irritation, allowing the tissue to better
withstand the adverse environment.
2
Necrosis differs from apoptosis primarily in that necrosis is:
A) A programmed and controlled form of cell death.
B) Always initiated by intracellular signals.
C) Associated with a significant inflammatory response.
D) Limited to single cells.
E) Only seen in embryonic development.
Correct Answer: C) Associated with a significant inflammatory
response.
Rationale: Necrosis is an uncontrolled, unprogrammed form of cell
death that results from severe, irreversible cell injury. It leads to
cell swelling, lysis, and the release of intracellular contents, which
triggers a robust local inflammatory response.
3
Which type of necrosis is characterized by cellular dissolution and is typically
,found in soft tissues like the brain after a stroke?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
E) Gangrenous necrosis
Correct Answer: B) Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs when cellular digestion by
hydrolytic enzymes dominates, leading to the formation of a liquid,
viscous mass. This is commonly seen in focal bacterial or fungal
infections and in ischemic injury to the brain, where the necrotic
tissue is liquefied.
4
The primary mechanism by which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) exert their anti-inflammatory effect is by inhibiting the synthesis of:
A) Histamine
B) Bradykinin
C) Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
D) Leukotrienes
E) Serotonin
Correct Answer: C) Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
Rationale: NSAIDs work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX)
enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which are responsible for converting
arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (mediators of pain, fever, and
inflammation) and thromboxanes.
5
Which of the following is a key characteristic of acute inflammation?
A) Predominance of lymphocytes and macrophages.
B) Infiltration of neutrophils, vasodilation, and increased vascular
permeability.
,C) Formation of granulomas.
D) Long duration, often weeks to months.
E) Extensive fibrosis and tissue destruction.
Correct Answer: B) Infiltration of neutrophils, vasodilation, and
increased vascular permeability.
Rationale: Acute inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset,
typically lasting minutes to days, and involves the immediate influx
of neutrophils, vasodilation leading to redness and warmth, and
increased vascular permeability causing edema and swelling.
6
A patient presents with a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). This is an
example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: A) Type I (Immediate)
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a classic example of a Type I (Immediate)
hypersensitivity reaction, which is mediated by IgE antibodies
binding to mast cells and basophils, leading to massive release of
histamine and other mediators.
7
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves antibody-mediated cellular
destruction, such as in ABO incompatibility transfusion reactions or
autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
, E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
Rationale: Type II (Cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions involve IgG or
IgM antibodies binding to antigens on the surface of target cells,
leading to cellular lysis through complement activation or antibody-
dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
8
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that is
primarily characterized by the formation and deposition of autoantibody-
antigen complexes in various tissues. This makes SLE an example of which
type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: C) Type III (Immune Complex)
Rationale: SLE is a classic Type III (Immune Complex) hypersensitivity
reaction. Autoantibodies form against self-antigens, creating
soluble immune complexes that deposit in various tissues (e.g.,
kidneys, joints, skin), triggering inflammation and tissue damage.
9
A positive Mantoux (tuberculin) skin test for tuberculosis is an example of
which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I (Immediate)
B) Type II (Cytotoxic)
C) Type III (Immune Complex)
D) Type IV (Delayed)
E) Type V (Stimulatory)
Correct Answer: D) Type IV (Delayed)
