2025 AND 2026
ENEMA
CLASSIFICATION OF ENEMA
Tutor Sammy
Tutor Sammy
, ENEMA
o Mixing the contents, aids the absorption of
water & moves to the next haustra.
Colon peristalsis o Wavelike movement
Course Outline
produced by longitudinal muscle fibers.
DEFECATION PHYSIOLOGY
o Propels intestinal contents forward.
DEFECATION/ BOWEL MOVEMENT
FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEFECATION o Very sluggish and thought to move the chyme
FECAL ELIMINATION PROBLEMS very little.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE CONSTIPATION Mass Peristalsis o Wave of powerful
NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR FECAL ELIMINATION muscular contraction that moves over large areas of
PROBLEMS colon.
MEDICATIONS o Occurs after eating stimulated by the
ADMINISTERING ENEMA presence of food in the stomach and small
CLEANSING ENEMA intestine.
COMMON ENEMA SOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ENEMA Rectum & Anal Canal
DEFECATION [BOWEL MOVEMENT] PHYSIOLOGY - R: 10 to 15cm [4 to 6 inches]
- A: 2.5 to 5cm [1 to 2 inches]
Elimination of waste is very essential.
- Anal canal: external and internal sphincter
Excreted waste = feces/stool
Large Intestine - Hemorrhoids occur when veins are distended due to
the repeated pressure.
- Extends from ileocecal valve to the anus
- Each vertical folds of rectum have a vein and an artery
- Colon: 125 to 150cm long [50 to 60 inches]
and these folds keeps retaining the feces within the
- Cecum, transverse, descending colon, sigmoid colon,
rectum.
rectum and anus
- Haustra: pouches of large intestine due to short DEFECATION/ BOWEL MOVEMENT
longitudinal muscles
- Absorption of water and nutrients, mucoid protection ▪ Expulsion of feces from the anus.
of the intestinal wall and fecal elimination ▪ When peristaltic waves move the feces into the sigmoid
- Contents: food ingested over previous 4 days colon and the rectum, the sensory nerves in the rectum
- Lumen > flatus/feces are stimulated and the individual becomes aware of the
- Chyme: stomach > small intestine > ileocecal valve need to defecate.
▪ It is facilitated by thigh flexion, that increases pressure
- Ileocecal: prevents backflow of chyme and regulates
the flow of chyme. within the abdomen and sitting position, that increases
the downward pressure on the rectum.
- Colon: serves as protective function in that its secreted
mucus. It also acts to transport along its lumen the ▪ Normal feces
products of digestion. - 75% water
- Mucus: serves to protect the wall of the large intestine - 25% solid
from trauma by the acids formed in the feces, and it - Brown due to presence of stercobilin and urobilin
serves as an adherent for holding the fecal material which derived from bilirubin
together. Mucus also protects the intestinal wall from - Odor: action of bacteria (Escherichia coli or
bacterial activity. staphylococci)
▪ Microorganisms + chyme = odor
TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN LARGE INTESTINE ▪ Flatus: largely air and the by-products of digestion of
CHO
Haustral churning o Movement of chyme back
▪ An adult usually forms 7 to 10L of flatus in the large
and forth within the haustra. intestine q24h.
Tutor Sammy
ENEMA
CLASSIFICATION OF ENEMA
Tutor Sammy
Tutor Sammy
, ENEMA
o Mixing the contents, aids the absorption of
water & moves to the next haustra.
Colon peristalsis o Wavelike movement
Course Outline
produced by longitudinal muscle fibers.
DEFECATION PHYSIOLOGY
o Propels intestinal contents forward.
DEFECATION/ BOWEL MOVEMENT
FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEFECATION o Very sluggish and thought to move the chyme
FECAL ELIMINATION PROBLEMS very little.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE CONSTIPATION Mass Peristalsis o Wave of powerful
NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR FECAL ELIMINATION muscular contraction that moves over large areas of
PROBLEMS colon.
MEDICATIONS o Occurs after eating stimulated by the
ADMINISTERING ENEMA presence of food in the stomach and small
CLEANSING ENEMA intestine.
COMMON ENEMA SOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ENEMA Rectum & Anal Canal
DEFECATION [BOWEL MOVEMENT] PHYSIOLOGY - R: 10 to 15cm [4 to 6 inches]
- A: 2.5 to 5cm [1 to 2 inches]
Elimination of waste is very essential.
- Anal canal: external and internal sphincter
Excreted waste = feces/stool
Large Intestine - Hemorrhoids occur when veins are distended due to
the repeated pressure.
- Extends from ileocecal valve to the anus
- Each vertical folds of rectum have a vein and an artery
- Colon: 125 to 150cm long [50 to 60 inches]
and these folds keeps retaining the feces within the
- Cecum, transverse, descending colon, sigmoid colon,
rectum.
rectum and anus
- Haustra: pouches of large intestine due to short DEFECATION/ BOWEL MOVEMENT
longitudinal muscles
- Absorption of water and nutrients, mucoid protection ▪ Expulsion of feces from the anus.
of the intestinal wall and fecal elimination ▪ When peristaltic waves move the feces into the sigmoid
- Contents: food ingested over previous 4 days colon and the rectum, the sensory nerves in the rectum
- Lumen > flatus/feces are stimulated and the individual becomes aware of the
- Chyme: stomach > small intestine > ileocecal valve need to defecate.
▪ It is facilitated by thigh flexion, that increases pressure
- Ileocecal: prevents backflow of chyme and regulates
the flow of chyme. within the abdomen and sitting position, that increases
the downward pressure on the rectum.
- Colon: serves as protective function in that its secreted
mucus. It also acts to transport along its lumen the ▪ Normal feces
products of digestion. - 75% water
- Mucus: serves to protect the wall of the large intestine - 25% solid
from trauma by the acids formed in the feces, and it - Brown due to presence of stercobilin and urobilin
serves as an adherent for holding the fecal material which derived from bilirubin
together. Mucus also protects the intestinal wall from - Odor: action of bacteria (Escherichia coli or
bacterial activity. staphylococci)
▪ Microorganisms + chyme = odor
TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN LARGE INTESTINE ▪ Flatus: largely air and the by-products of digestion of
CHO
Haustral churning o Movement of chyme back
▪ An adult usually forms 7 to 10L of flatus in the large
and forth within the haustra. intestine q24h.
Tutor Sammy
