Bio 141 Exam 1 NVCC |141 Questions and Answers
Histology - -Study of Tissues
-Every tissue has ____ and is surrounded by ____ - -cells, extra cellular matrix
-What are the 4 types of tissue - -epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
-What are the two parts of the extra cellular matrix - -Protein Fibers, Ground substance
-What is ground substance made up of? - -Water, ions, minerals, GAGs (with a negative
charge to attract water), proteoglycans. The size of the gag/proteoglycan structure
determines the thickness of ECM.
-What are the 3 protein fibers in the extra cellular matrix and their properties? - -
Collagen- steel like wires, prevents stretching
Elastic- stretchy and has elastin
reticular- like collagen but nets and webs to hold in place
-What are the cells in different tissues joined together by? - -Cell junctions
-What are the 3 types of cell junctions? - -Tight junctions- impermeable
Desmosomes- anchor together to increase strength
Gap junctions- allow small substances to pass through
-What is epithelial tissue? - -a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body
cavity
-What cell junctions are epithelial tissues joined by? - -Tight junctions and desmosomes
-What is a characteristic of epithelial tissue? - -It is avascular. It's extracellular matrix is
confined to the basal lamina.
-What are the types of epithelial tissues? - -Simple, stratified, glands
-What is a simple epithelial tissue? - -Single layer of cells
-What are the types of simple epithelial tissue? - -simple squamous- found in alveoli,
simple cuboidal- found in kidney tubules,
simple columnar- found in digestive tract,
pseudostratified columnar- nasal passages, upper resp tract
-What are the two ways substances cross simple epithelial tissues? - -Paracelllular
transport- leaking through (less common because cuboidal and columnar are too thick)
, Transcellular- Pass through the phospholipid bylayer of cells, through the cytoplasm, and
out the other end.
-What are stratified epithelial tissues? - -Multiple layers of cells
-What are the types of stratified epithelial tissues? - -Stratified squamous- can be
keratonized (skin=hard) or non keratonized (buccal cavity, lips, vagina, under tongue)
Stratigied cuboidal (rare)
Stratified columnar (rare)
Transitional- found in bladder, dome outer layer that stretches when full
-What are glands? - -organs that secrete hormones
-What are the two types of glands? - -Exocrine and endocrine
-What do Exocrine glands do? - -Release product through a duct on epithelial surface,
usually only has local action. Can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular are like goblet
cells.
-What do endocrine glands do? - -Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
-What are the ways that exocrine glands release products? - -Remember these are
different from endocrine glands!
Merocrine- using exocytosis
Holocrine- when the cell dies, the hormones in the cytolplasm are released
Apocrine- Part of the cytolplasm pinches off
-What is connective tissue? - -Framework of the body, providing support and structure for
the organs.
-What are the two types of connective tissue? - -Connective tissue proper and specialized
connective tissue
-What are the cells of connective tissue? - -Fibroblasts- make protein fibers (resident)
(they make collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers)
Adipocytes- fat cells w/ lipid cytoplasm (resident)
Mast cells- Contain imflammatory mediators like histamine (resident)
Phagocytes- Immune cells made up of macrophages (resident or migrant) and neutrophils
(migrant)
-Where are macrophages located? - -connective tissues. They are resident or migrant cells
-What are the types of connective tissue proper? - -Loose connective tissue- contain all 3
protein fibers but ground substance is the primary element
Dense connective tissue- ECM is mostly protein fibers.
Reticular tissue- Numerous reticular fibers to form weblike networks to support
Histology - -Study of Tissues
-Every tissue has ____ and is surrounded by ____ - -cells, extra cellular matrix
-What are the 4 types of tissue - -epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
-What are the two parts of the extra cellular matrix - -Protein Fibers, Ground substance
-What is ground substance made up of? - -Water, ions, minerals, GAGs (with a negative
charge to attract water), proteoglycans. The size of the gag/proteoglycan structure
determines the thickness of ECM.
-What are the 3 protein fibers in the extra cellular matrix and their properties? - -
Collagen- steel like wires, prevents stretching
Elastic- stretchy and has elastin
reticular- like collagen but nets and webs to hold in place
-What are the cells in different tissues joined together by? - -Cell junctions
-What are the 3 types of cell junctions? - -Tight junctions- impermeable
Desmosomes- anchor together to increase strength
Gap junctions- allow small substances to pass through
-What is epithelial tissue? - -a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body
cavity
-What cell junctions are epithelial tissues joined by? - -Tight junctions and desmosomes
-What is a characteristic of epithelial tissue? - -It is avascular. It's extracellular matrix is
confined to the basal lamina.
-What are the types of epithelial tissues? - -Simple, stratified, glands
-What is a simple epithelial tissue? - -Single layer of cells
-What are the types of simple epithelial tissue? - -simple squamous- found in alveoli,
simple cuboidal- found in kidney tubules,
simple columnar- found in digestive tract,
pseudostratified columnar- nasal passages, upper resp tract
-What are the two ways substances cross simple epithelial tissues? - -Paracelllular
transport- leaking through (less common because cuboidal and columnar are too thick)
, Transcellular- Pass through the phospholipid bylayer of cells, through the cytoplasm, and
out the other end.
-What are stratified epithelial tissues? - -Multiple layers of cells
-What are the types of stratified epithelial tissues? - -Stratified squamous- can be
keratonized (skin=hard) or non keratonized (buccal cavity, lips, vagina, under tongue)
Stratigied cuboidal (rare)
Stratified columnar (rare)
Transitional- found in bladder, dome outer layer that stretches when full
-What are glands? - -organs that secrete hormones
-What are the two types of glands? - -Exocrine and endocrine
-What do Exocrine glands do? - -Release product through a duct on epithelial surface,
usually only has local action. Can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular are like goblet
cells.
-What do endocrine glands do? - -Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
-What are the ways that exocrine glands release products? - -Remember these are
different from endocrine glands!
Merocrine- using exocytosis
Holocrine- when the cell dies, the hormones in the cytolplasm are released
Apocrine- Part of the cytolplasm pinches off
-What is connective tissue? - -Framework of the body, providing support and structure for
the organs.
-What are the two types of connective tissue? - -Connective tissue proper and specialized
connective tissue
-What are the cells of connective tissue? - -Fibroblasts- make protein fibers (resident)
(they make collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers)
Adipocytes- fat cells w/ lipid cytoplasm (resident)
Mast cells- Contain imflammatory mediators like histamine (resident)
Phagocytes- Immune cells made up of macrophages (resident or migrant) and neutrophils
(migrant)
-Where are macrophages located? - -connective tissues. They are resident or migrant cells
-What are the types of connective tissue proper? - -Loose connective tissue- contain all 3
protein fibers but ground substance is the primary element
Dense connective tissue- ECM is mostly protein fibers.
Reticular tissue- Numerous reticular fibers to form weblike networks to support
