Child and Adolescent Development Exam 2
UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Three Basic Issues - Correct answers✔✔is development continuous or discontinuous?
is there one course of development for all children or many courses of development?
nature or nurture?
Resilient Children - Correct answers✔✔signs of resilient (ability to adapt effectively) children:
person characteristics, a warm parental relationship, social support outside the immediate family,
and community resources and opportunities
Modeling - Correct answers✔✔also known as observational learning or imitation; part of social
learning theory by Bandura
ex. a baby claps her hands after her mother does; a teenager dresses like her friends
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Stages - Correct answers✔✔Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs.),
Pre-operational (2-7 yrs.), Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs.), Formal Operational (11 yrs. +)
Equilibrium - Correct answers✔✔a balance Piaget thought children achieved between internal
structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds
Information Processing - Correct answers✔✔a perspective where the human mind might also be
viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
ex. information flow chart
,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience - Correct answers✔✔studies the relationship between
changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Vgotsky's Socioculture Theory - Correct answers✔✔focuses on how culture (values, beliefs,
customs and skills) is transmitted to the next generation - believes social interaction is vital for
cognitive development
Ecological Systems Theory - Correct answers✔✔views the child as developing within a complex
system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment - Meso, Exo,
and Macro (see pictures in notes)
Dynamic Systems - Correct answers✔✔says that the child's mind, body, physical and social
worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills - this system is constantly in
motion
Down Syndrome - Correct answers✔✔results from problems with the 21st chromosome
(sometimes called trisomy 21) - the most common chromosomal disorder - consequences
include: mental retardation, memory and speech problems, limited vocabulary, and slow motor
development; also have distinct physical features (short, stocky and a flattened face with almond
shaped eyes) - at higher risk if the mom is older
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities - Correct answers✔✔problems with the X or Y chromosomes
such as XYY syndrome, XXX syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome
Family Influences on Development - Correct answers✔✔direct: two-person relationships
indirect: third parties (co-parenting)
Schools Influences on Development - Correct answers✔✔children spend an average of 14,000
hours in school by high school graduation - parent-school contact supports development at all
ages
, ex. children with high involved parents achieve especially well
Range of Reaction - Correct answers✔✔each person's unique, genetically determined response
to the environment
ex. intellectual ranges
Canalization - Correct answers✔✔the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some
characteristics to just one or a few outcomes - a behavior that is strongly canalized develops
similarly in a wide range of environments
Genetic-environment Correlation - Correct answers✔✔our genes influence the environments to
which we are exposed (changes with age) - Passive (no control) and Evocative (heredity)
correlation; Active (seek environments that fit them - niche-picking) correlation
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression - Correct answers✔✔genetic-enviornment
correlation is viewed as driven by genes (children's genetic make-up evoke causes them to
receive, evoke, or seek experiences that actualize their inborn tendencies) - parents and other
caring adults can uncouple unfavorable genetic-enviornment correlations
ex. twins who displayed aggressive behavior could be positively affected by mothers who
practiced good, positive parenting
Third Month - Correct answers✔✔at the end of the first trimester - when the organs, muscles,
and nervous system start to become organized and connected; body changing positions becomes
frequent; when the sex of the fetus can be determined and when the heart beat can be heard via
stethoscope
Second Trimester - Correct answers✔✔lasts from 13-24 weeks - around 17 to 20 weeks mom
can start to feel the babies movements; at the end of this trimester most of the organs are
developed - if the baby is born before 24 weeks it most likely will not survive
UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Three Basic Issues - Correct answers✔✔is development continuous or discontinuous?
is there one course of development for all children or many courses of development?
nature or nurture?
Resilient Children - Correct answers✔✔signs of resilient (ability to adapt effectively) children:
person characteristics, a warm parental relationship, social support outside the immediate family,
and community resources and opportunities
Modeling - Correct answers✔✔also known as observational learning or imitation; part of social
learning theory by Bandura
ex. a baby claps her hands after her mother does; a teenager dresses like her friends
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Stages - Correct answers✔✔Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs.),
Pre-operational (2-7 yrs.), Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs.), Formal Operational (11 yrs. +)
Equilibrium - Correct answers✔✔a balance Piaget thought children achieved between internal
structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds
Information Processing - Correct answers✔✔a perspective where the human mind might also be
viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
ex. information flow chart
,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience - Correct answers✔✔studies the relationship between
changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns
Vgotsky's Socioculture Theory - Correct answers✔✔focuses on how culture (values, beliefs,
customs and skills) is transmitted to the next generation - believes social interaction is vital for
cognitive development
Ecological Systems Theory - Correct answers✔✔views the child as developing within a complex
system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment - Meso, Exo,
and Macro (see pictures in notes)
Dynamic Systems - Correct answers✔✔says that the child's mind, body, physical and social
worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills - this system is constantly in
motion
Down Syndrome - Correct answers✔✔results from problems with the 21st chromosome
(sometimes called trisomy 21) - the most common chromosomal disorder - consequences
include: mental retardation, memory and speech problems, limited vocabulary, and slow motor
development; also have distinct physical features (short, stocky and a flattened face with almond
shaped eyes) - at higher risk if the mom is older
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities - Correct answers✔✔problems with the X or Y chromosomes
such as XYY syndrome, XXX syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome
Family Influences on Development - Correct answers✔✔direct: two-person relationships
indirect: third parties (co-parenting)
Schools Influences on Development - Correct answers✔✔children spend an average of 14,000
hours in school by high school graduation - parent-school contact supports development at all
ages
, ex. children with high involved parents achieve especially well
Range of Reaction - Correct answers✔✔each person's unique, genetically determined response
to the environment
ex. intellectual ranges
Canalization - Correct answers✔✔the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some
characteristics to just one or a few outcomes - a behavior that is strongly canalized develops
similarly in a wide range of environments
Genetic-environment Correlation - Correct answers✔✔our genes influence the environments to
which we are exposed (changes with age) - Passive (no control) and Evocative (heredity)
correlation; Active (seek environments that fit them - niche-picking) correlation
Environmental Influences on Gene Expression - Correct answers✔✔genetic-enviornment
correlation is viewed as driven by genes (children's genetic make-up evoke causes them to
receive, evoke, or seek experiences that actualize their inborn tendencies) - parents and other
caring adults can uncouple unfavorable genetic-enviornment correlations
ex. twins who displayed aggressive behavior could be positively affected by mothers who
practiced good, positive parenting
Third Month - Correct answers✔✔at the end of the first trimester - when the organs, muscles,
and nervous system start to become organized and connected; body changing positions becomes
frequent; when the sex of the fetus can be determined and when the heart beat can be heard via
stethoscope
Second Trimester - Correct answers✔✔lasts from 13-24 weeks - around 17 to 20 weeks mom
can start to feel the babies movements; at the end of this trimester most of the organs are
developed - if the baby is born before 24 weeks it most likely will not survive
