BIOC 202 – Final Exam Questions
and Answers
Define proton motive force (PMF) - ANSWER-An electrochemical gradient that can
be used by ATP synthase to generate ATP
Define electron motive force (EMF) - ANSWER-An electrical gradient/pull caused by
the high transfer potential of electrons on NADH and FADH2
The EMF can be harnessed by the ETC to transfer H+ out of the mitochondrial
matrix to create a PMF
What is the standard reductive potential? - ANSWER-Affinity for electrons (volts)
Higher = Higher affinity
How many ATP does it cost to add glucose to glycogen? - ANSWER-2 ATP
What are the three/four steps of glycogen synthesis? - ANSWER-1. Convert glucose
6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate (phosphoglucomutase)
2. Create a high energy sugar by reacting UTP with glucose 1-phosphate to create
UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate (PPi) (UDP-glucose phosphorylase)
2b. Hydrolyse PPi to 2x Pi to make the reaction irreversible
3. Add the new glucose onto the non-reducing end of the glycogen chain (new a-1,4
linkage) and release UDP (glycogen synthase)
4. Add a branch onto glycogen (branching enzyme)
What linkage is between glucose residues in glycogen? - ANSWER-a-1,4
What linkage lies at the branches in glycogen? - ANSWER-a-1,6
Which atoms are free on the non-reducing end of glycogen? - ANSWER-C4OH
Which atoms are free on the reducing end of glycogen? - ANSWER-C1OH
(ETC) How many H+ are pumped into the matrix for every NADH + H? - ANSWER-
10 H+
(ETC) How many H+ are pumped into the matrix for every succinate (FADH2)? -
ANSWER-6 H+
and Answers
Define proton motive force (PMF) - ANSWER-An electrochemical gradient that can
be used by ATP synthase to generate ATP
Define electron motive force (EMF) - ANSWER-An electrical gradient/pull caused by
the high transfer potential of electrons on NADH and FADH2
The EMF can be harnessed by the ETC to transfer H+ out of the mitochondrial
matrix to create a PMF
What is the standard reductive potential? - ANSWER-Affinity for electrons (volts)
Higher = Higher affinity
How many ATP does it cost to add glucose to glycogen? - ANSWER-2 ATP
What are the three/four steps of glycogen synthesis? - ANSWER-1. Convert glucose
6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate (phosphoglucomutase)
2. Create a high energy sugar by reacting UTP with glucose 1-phosphate to create
UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate (PPi) (UDP-glucose phosphorylase)
2b. Hydrolyse PPi to 2x Pi to make the reaction irreversible
3. Add the new glucose onto the non-reducing end of the glycogen chain (new a-1,4
linkage) and release UDP (glycogen synthase)
4. Add a branch onto glycogen (branching enzyme)
What linkage is between glucose residues in glycogen? - ANSWER-a-1,4
What linkage lies at the branches in glycogen? - ANSWER-a-1,6
Which atoms are free on the non-reducing end of glycogen? - ANSWER-C4OH
Which atoms are free on the reducing end of glycogen? - ANSWER-C1OH
(ETC) How many H+ are pumped into the matrix for every NADH + H? - ANSWER-
10 H+
(ETC) How many H+ are pumped into the matrix for every succinate (FADH2)? -
ANSWER-6 H+
