BMSC 220 Final Exam Questions
with Correct Answers
Phospholipids - ANSWER-Bilayer - hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails
Basic component of plasma membrane
Separate cell from surrounding - barrier
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-Lacks nuclear envelope
Single circular DNA
No nucleus, No organelles
Bacteria, E. coli
Free flowing DNA
Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Humans
Higher metabolic function
Compartmentalization of structure
Nucleus and genetic material is separate from cytoplasm
Multiple linear DNA molecules
Archaebacteria - ANSWER-Prevalent in primitive earth
Believed to be first cell
Live in extreme environments
Bacteria - ANSWER-Large group of organisms in many environments
Can have multiple DNA copies
Transfer tRNA - ANSWER-What completes translation
Adaptor molecules between mRNA & amino acids in protein synthesis - ensures
correct aa
Transcribed as a group in long pre-mRNAs
Transcribed by polymerase II
~ 70-80 nucleotides, Clover leaf/ L structure
Cleaved post transcription into individual tRNAs
5' end cleaved by RNaseP
3' end cleaved by RNase with CCA sequence
Cyanobacteria - ANSWER-Largest complex bacteria
Energy through photosynthesis
E. coli - ANSWER-Prokaryotic cell
Live in human GI tract
Rigid cell wall of polysaccharides and peptides
Cell membrane
Circular DNA in nucleus
,Useful for DNA/gene cloning/manipulation
Divide every 20 minutes
Insert DNA into it, easy to propagate
Centromere - ANSWER-Specialized region of the chromosome
Attaches sister chromatids
Critical role in ensuring correct distribution of duplicated chromosomes to daughter
cell during mitosis
Contain histone variant for H3 - CENP-A (indicates centromere location for
replication - epigenetic inheritance of CENP-A)
Animal cell contains - ANSWER-Plasma membrane - selective barrier
Nucleus - linear DNA, genetic info
Mitochondria - oxidative metabolism
Lysosome - metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes - preform oxidative reactions
Endoplasmic reticulum - network of intracellular membranes, process/transport
proteins, synthesize lipids
Gogli apparatus - sorts and transports protein for secretion, lipid synthesis
Cytoskeleton - Cell structure, movement, intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-Structural framework
Movement of entire cell
Intracellular transport
Composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Plant cell tissue systems - ANSWER-Ground tissue - 90% of proteins
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue - near centre
Proteins must be made - ANSWER-With the correct amino acid sequence
In the right place
In the right amount
In the right shape
At the right time
With proper modifications
Plant Cell - ANSWER-Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
Vacuoles - digestion of macromolecules, storage of wastes and nutrients
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Yeast - ANSWER-Simplest eukaryote
12 million BP
Division every 2h - readily grown
,Commonly studied - fundamental processes in eukaryotes
Can knock out genes
Acetylation - ANSWER-Specific lysine group on amino tails
Neutralize the + charge of lysine
Relaxes chromatin structure
Gives access to DNA for transcription
Added by HAT
Removed by HDAC
Animal tissue organization - ANSWER-200 distinct tissue types, 5 categories:
Epithelial
Connective
Blood
Nervous
Muscle
Anticodon - ANSWER-On tRNA
Antiparallel biding to codon on mRNA
Epithelial cells - ANSWER-Sheets of cells
Cover surface of body
Line internal organs
Protection - Secretion - Absorption
Connective tissue - ANSWER-Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts - in spaces between organs and tissue
Kinetochore - ANSWER-Associated with centromere
Bonds microtubules
Act as molecular motor during mitosis and meiosis
No association to centromere in interphase
Needs CENP-A for assembly
Blood - ANSWER-red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - inflammatory response
platelets
plasma
Nervous tissue - ANSWER-Supporting cells/neurons - transmit signals
Prokaryote ribosome - ANSWER-Large 50S - 23S & 5S rRNAs, 34 proteins
Small 30S - 16S rRNA, 21 proteins
Muscle - ANSWER-Skeletal
, Cardiac
Smooth
Production of force and movement
Nematode C Elegans - ANSWER-Multicellular organism
959 somatic cells
Entire lineage known
Telomere - ANSWER-Repeat simple sequence - extends lagging strand (extension
on template strand)
Sequence at end of eukaryote chromosomes
3' overhang forms protective loop
Maintains stability of linear chromosome
Linked to aging and cell reproduction (somatic cells) - dyskeratosis congenita
Maintained by telomerase - eventually runs out
Fruit Fly (Drosophila) - ANSWER-Gene knockouts/over-expression
Study development - grow leg on head
Zebra fish - ANSWER-Transparent embryo - see development, born externally
Spine & development research
Higher order vertebrate
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - ANSWER-20 different
Each recognizes a specific aa
Activate aa to 3' end, adding ADP
Adds aa to tRNA
Proper tRNA folding brings aa to ribosome
Mouse - ANSWER-Close human model - genetics & tissue
Common lab model, relatively easy to maintain/manipulate
Limitations - not always convert to humans
Light microscopy - ANSWER-Magnify samples
Different scales
Resolution - distinguish objects
Human genome - ANSWER-23 chromosome pairs - 22 autosomes and X/Y sex
Each chromosomes contains 45-280 Mb of DNA
21,000 genes
More introns than genes
10% is enhancers
Bright Field Microscopy
(light microscopy) - ANSWER-Light directly through specimen
Fixation/killing of specimen
Stains to visualize
Phase contrast microscopy - ANSWER-Living cells
with Correct Answers
Phospholipids - ANSWER-Bilayer - hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails
Basic component of plasma membrane
Separate cell from surrounding - barrier
Prokaryotes - ANSWER-Lacks nuclear envelope
Single circular DNA
No nucleus, No organelles
Bacteria, E. coli
Free flowing DNA
Eukaryotes - ANSWER-Humans
Higher metabolic function
Compartmentalization of structure
Nucleus and genetic material is separate from cytoplasm
Multiple linear DNA molecules
Archaebacteria - ANSWER-Prevalent in primitive earth
Believed to be first cell
Live in extreme environments
Bacteria - ANSWER-Large group of organisms in many environments
Can have multiple DNA copies
Transfer tRNA - ANSWER-What completes translation
Adaptor molecules between mRNA & amino acids in protein synthesis - ensures
correct aa
Transcribed as a group in long pre-mRNAs
Transcribed by polymerase II
~ 70-80 nucleotides, Clover leaf/ L structure
Cleaved post transcription into individual tRNAs
5' end cleaved by RNaseP
3' end cleaved by RNase with CCA sequence
Cyanobacteria - ANSWER-Largest complex bacteria
Energy through photosynthesis
E. coli - ANSWER-Prokaryotic cell
Live in human GI tract
Rigid cell wall of polysaccharides and peptides
Cell membrane
Circular DNA in nucleus
,Useful for DNA/gene cloning/manipulation
Divide every 20 minutes
Insert DNA into it, easy to propagate
Centromere - ANSWER-Specialized region of the chromosome
Attaches sister chromatids
Critical role in ensuring correct distribution of duplicated chromosomes to daughter
cell during mitosis
Contain histone variant for H3 - CENP-A (indicates centromere location for
replication - epigenetic inheritance of CENP-A)
Animal cell contains - ANSWER-Plasma membrane - selective barrier
Nucleus - linear DNA, genetic info
Mitochondria - oxidative metabolism
Lysosome - metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes - preform oxidative reactions
Endoplasmic reticulum - network of intracellular membranes, process/transport
proteins, synthesize lipids
Gogli apparatus - sorts and transports protein for secretion, lipid synthesis
Cytoskeleton - Cell structure, movement, intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-Structural framework
Movement of entire cell
Intracellular transport
Composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Plant cell tissue systems - ANSWER-Ground tissue - 90% of proteins
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue - near centre
Proteins must be made - ANSWER-With the correct amino acid sequence
In the right place
In the right amount
In the right shape
At the right time
With proper modifications
Plant Cell - ANSWER-Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
Vacuoles - digestion of macromolecules, storage of wastes and nutrients
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Yeast - ANSWER-Simplest eukaryote
12 million BP
Division every 2h - readily grown
,Commonly studied - fundamental processes in eukaryotes
Can knock out genes
Acetylation - ANSWER-Specific lysine group on amino tails
Neutralize the + charge of lysine
Relaxes chromatin structure
Gives access to DNA for transcription
Added by HAT
Removed by HDAC
Animal tissue organization - ANSWER-200 distinct tissue types, 5 categories:
Epithelial
Connective
Blood
Nervous
Muscle
Anticodon - ANSWER-On tRNA
Antiparallel biding to codon on mRNA
Epithelial cells - ANSWER-Sheets of cells
Cover surface of body
Line internal organs
Protection - Secretion - Absorption
Connective tissue - ANSWER-Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts - in spaces between organs and tissue
Kinetochore - ANSWER-Associated with centromere
Bonds microtubules
Act as molecular motor during mitosis and meiosis
No association to centromere in interphase
Needs CENP-A for assembly
Blood - ANSWER-red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - inflammatory response
platelets
plasma
Nervous tissue - ANSWER-Supporting cells/neurons - transmit signals
Prokaryote ribosome - ANSWER-Large 50S - 23S & 5S rRNAs, 34 proteins
Small 30S - 16S rRNA, 21 proteins
Muscle - ANSWER-Skeletal
, Cardiac
Smooth
Production of force and movement
Nematode C Elegans - ANSWER-Multicellular organism
959 somatic cells
Entire lineage known
Telomere - ANSWER-Repeat simple sequence - extends lagging strand (extension
on template strand)
Sequence at end of eukaryote chromosomes
3' overhang forms protective loop
Maintains stability of linear chromosome
Linked to aging and cell reproduction (somatic cells) - dyskeratosis congenita
Maintained by telomerase - eventually runs out
Fruit Fly (Drosophila) - ANSWER-Gene knockouts/over-expression
Study development - grow leg on head
Zebra fish - ANSWER-Transparent embryo - see development, born externally
Spine & development research
Higher order vertebrate
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - ANSWER-20 different
Each recognizes a specific aa
Activate aa to 3' end, adding ADP
Adds aa to tRNA
Proper tRNA folding brings aa to ribosome
Mouse - ANSWER-Close human model - genetics & tissue
Common lab model, relatively easy to maintain/manipulate
Limitations - not always convert to humans
Light microscopy - ANSWER-Magnify samples
Different scales
Resolution - distinguish objects
Human genome - ANSWER-23 chromosome pairs - 22 autosomes and X/Y sex
Each chromosomes contains 45-280 Mb of DNA
21,000 genes
More introns than genes
10% is enhancers
Bright Field Microscopy
(light microscopy) - ANSWER-Light directly through specimen
Fixation/killing of specimen
Stains to visualize
Phase contrast microscopy - ANSWER-Living cells
