BMSC 220 Midterm Exam Questions
with Correct Answers
Animal cell contains - ANSWER-Plasma membrane - selective barrier
Nucleus - linear DNA, genetic info
Mitochondria - oxidative metabolism
Lysosome - metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes - preform oxidative reactions
Endoplasmic reticulum - network of intracellular membranes, process/transport
proteins, synthesize lipids
Gogli apparatus - sorts and transports protein for secretion, lipid synthesis
Cytoskeleton - Cell structure, movement, intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-Structural framework
Movement of entire cell
Intracellular transport
Composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Plant Cell - ANSWER-Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
Vacuoles - digestion of macromolecules, storage of wastes and nutrients
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Yeast - ANSWER-Simplest eukaryote
12 million BP
Division every 2h - readily grown
Commonly studied - fundamental processes in eukaryotes
Can knock out genes
Plant cell tissue systems - ANSWER-Ground tissue - 90% of proteins
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue - near centre
Animal tissue organization - ANSWER-200 distinct tissue types, 5 categories:
Epithelial
Connective
Blood
Nervous
Muscle
,Epithelial cells - ANSWER-Sheets of cells
Cover surface of body
Line internal organs
Protection - Secretion - Absorption
Connective tissue - ANSWER-Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts - in spaces between organs and tissue
Blood - ANSWER-red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - inflammatory response
platelets
plasma
Nervous tissue - ANSWER-Supporting cells/neurons - transmit signals
Muscle - ANSWER-Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Production of force and movement
Nematode C Elegans - ANSWER-Multicellular organism
959 somatic cells
Entire lineage known
Fruit Fly (Drosophila) - ANSWER-Gene knockouts/over-expression
Study development - grow leg on head
Zebra fish - ANSWER-Transparent embryo - see development, born externally
Spine & development research
Higher order vertebrate
Mouse - ANSWER-Close human model - genetics & tissue
Common lab model, relatively easy to maintain/manipulate
Limitations - not always convert to humans
Light microscopy - ANSWER-Magnify samples
Different scales
Resolution - distinguish objects
Bright Field Microscopy
(light microscopy) - ANSWER-Light directly through specimen
Fixation/killing of specimen
Stains to visualize
Phase contrast microscopy - ANSWER-Living cells
Don't need stain
3D external visualization - no internal
, Fluorescence microscopy - ANSWER-Dyes and filters for specific wavelength
Fluorescent markers to visualize proteins/structures in living cells
Green Fluroescent Protein - ANSWER-Tagged functional/living cells
Visualize specific protein/structure in cell
Isolated from jellyfish - glows green
Confocal microscopy - ANSWER-Specialized fluorescent microscopy
Different scans for different colour tags, can add all together for overall image
Focus on single plane of specimen
Sharper image
Multiple images create 3D model
Electron microscopy - ANSWER-Better resolution - shorter wavelength
2 types:
Scanning - electron beam reflects off sample coated in metal - exterior view
Transmission - electron beam through thin sliced (needed), fixed specimen (killed)
Differential centrifuge - ANSWER-Separates/isolates organelles (size & density)
Separation by force - creates pellet
Subcellular fractionation - ANSWER-Can centrifuge at different speeds/times to get
desired components/organelles
Can get layers/bands of different organelles - same tube, different density gradients
In vitro Cell culture - ANSWER-Study growth & differentiation
Genetic manipulations
Media contains - serum, salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins
HeLa cells - ANSWER-First human cell line
Immortal - many replicatications
Primary cultures - ANSWER-First cultures made from tissue
Limited division before death 5-10
Need to keep reestablishing
Permanent (immortal) cultures - ANSWER-Embryonic stem cells
Cancer cells
Continue to divide infinitely
All cells - ANSWER-Surrounded by a membrane
DNA as genetic material
RNA as info carrier
Carry out protein synthesis
Similarities in metabolism/specialization
Water - ANSWER-70% of cell weight
with Correct Answers
Animal cell contains - ANSWER-Plasma membrane - selective barrier
Nucleus - linear DNA, genetic info
Mitochondria - oxidative metabolism
Lysosome - metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes - preform oxidative reactions
Endoplasmic reticulum - network of intracellular membranes, process/transport
proteins, synthesize lipids
Gogli apparatus - sorts and transports protein for secretion, lipid synthesis
Cytoskeleton - Cell structure, movement, intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-Structural framework
Movement of entire cell
Intracellular transport
Composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Plant Cell - ANSWER-Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
Vacuoles - digestion of macromolecules, storage of wastes and nutrients
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Yeast - ANSWER-Simplest eukaryote
12 million BP
Division every 2h - readily grown
Commonly studied - fundamental processes in eukaryotes
Can knock out genes
Plant cell tissue systems - ANSWER-Ground tissue - 90% of proteins
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue - near centre
Animal tissue organization - ANSWER-200 distinct tissue types, 5 categories:
Epithelial
Connective
Blood
Nervous
Muscle
,Epithelial cells - ANSWER-Sheets of cells
Cover surface of body
Line internal organs
Protection - Secretion - Absorption
Connective tissue - ANSWER-Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Fibroblasts - in spaces between organs and tissue
Blood - ANSWER-red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - inflammatory response
platelets
plasma
Nervous tissue - ANSWER-Supporting cells/neurons - transmit signals
Muscle - ANSWER-Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Production of force and movement
Nematode C Elegans - ANSWER-Multicellular organism
959 somatic cells
Entire lineage known
Fruit Fly (Drosophila) - ANSWER-Gene knockouts/over-expression
Study development - grow leg on head
Zebra fish - ANSWER-Transparent embryo - see development, born externally
Spine & development research
Higher order vertebrate
Mouse - ANSWER-Close human model - genetics & tissue
Common lab model, relatively easy to maintain/manipulate
Limitations - not always convert to humans
Light microscopy - ANSWER-Magnify samples
Different scales
Resolution - distinguish objects
Bright Field Microscopy
(light microscopy) - ANSWER-Light directly through specimen
Fixation/killing of specimen
Stains to visualize
Phase contrast microscopy - ANSWER-Living cells
Don't need stain
3D external visualization - no internal
, Fluorescence microscopy - ANSWER-Dyes and filters for specific wavelength
Fluorescent markers to visualize proteins/structures in living cells
Green Fluroescent Protein - ANSWER-Tagged functional/living cells
Visualize specific protein/structure in cell
Isolated from jellyfish - glows green
Confocal microscopy - ANSWER-Specialized fluorescent microscopy
Different scans for different colour tags, can add all together for overall image
Focus on single plane of specimen
Sharper image
Multiple images create 3D model
Electron microscopy - ANSWER-Better resolution - shorter wavelength
2 types:
Scanning - electron beam reflects off sample coated in metal - exterior view
Transmission - electron beam through thin sliced (needed), fixed specimen (killed)
Differential centrifuge - ANSWER-Separates/isolates organelles (size & density)
Separation by force - creates pellet
Subcellular fractionation - ANSWER-Can centrifuge at different speeds/times to get
desired components/organelles
Can get layers/bands of different organelles - same tube, different density gradients
In vitro Cell culture - ANSWER-Study growth & differentiation
Genetic manipulations
Media contains - serum, salt, glucose, amino acids, vitamins
HeLa cells - ANSWER-First human cell line
Immortal - many replicatications
Primary cultures - ANSWER-First cultures made from tissue
Limited division before death 5-10
Need to keep reestablishing
Permanent (immortal) cultures - ANSWER-Embryonic stem cells
Cancer cells
Continue to divide infinitely
All cells - ANSWER-Surrounded by a membrane
DNA as genetic material
RNA as info carrier
Carry out protein synthesis
Similarities in metabolism/specialization
Water - ANSWER-70% of cell weight
