BIO 172 UH Manoa Exam 2 Exam fully solved & updated 2025-2026(late
version verified for accuracy) | 2024\2025Latest!!
1. Animals Multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophs: Ingest their food
Lack Cell Walls
Body held together by structural proteins
2. Collagen Make up connective tissues (fibers)
Flexible and high tensile (stretching)
3. Skin Dense irregular arrangement of collagen
4. Ligament Collagen arranged in sheets
(Connects Bones)
5. Tendon Cable-like arrangement of collagen
(Connects muscle to bone)
6. Zygote Fertilized egg
(Sperm+Egg=Zygote)
Undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
7. Germ Layers Give rise to tissues and organs of animal embryo
8. Blastula Cell that has undergone many cell cleavages
Hollow blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming gastrula (has layers of em-
bryonic tissues)
9. Ectoderm Germ layer covering embryo surface
10. Endoderm Innermost germ layer and lines developing digestive tube (aka=Archenteron)
11. Diploblastic Animals that exhibit both ectoderm and endoderm in the embryo
(Corals, jellyfish)
, BIO 172 UH Manoa Exam 2 Exam fully solved & updated 2025-2026(late
version verified for accuracy) | 2024\2025Latest!!
12. Triploblastic Animals that have intervening Mesoderm layer (bilaterians)
13. Bilaterians All Multicellular animals other than sponges and cnidarians
Exhibit bilateral symmetry and cephalization
14. Cephalization Organization of senses and locomotion toward head region
15. Larva Sexually immature and anatomically distinct from the adult, undergoes meta-
morphosis
16. Juvenile Resembles an adult, but not sexually mature
17. Cambrian explo- 535-525 million years ago, marks earliest fossil appearance of many animal
sion major groups
18. Hox Genes Control the development of body form (Hox Gene "__" can tell to form an arm)
19. Protosome Cell proliferation by spiral cleavage
Coelom forms within the middle tissue germ layer
Initial opening of gut becomes the mouth
20. Deuterostome Cell proliferation by radial cleavage
Coelom forms from outpocket of the middle tissue germ layer
Initial opening of gut becomes the anus
21. Coelom Body cavity surrounding the gut
22. Sessile Do not exhibit locomotion
(Sponges)
23. Collar Cells Flagella bearing cells that create water currents that move through the body
of the sponge
24. Spicules Tiny calcium/silica structures
version verified for accuracy) | 2024\2025Latest!!
1. Animals Multicellular eukaryotes
Heterotrophs: Ingest their food
Lack Cell Walls
Body held together by structural proteins
2. Collagen Make up connective tissues (fibers)
Flexible and high tensile (stretching)
3. Skin Dense irregular arrangement of collagen
4. Ligament Collagen arranged in sheets
(Connects Bones)
5. Tendon Cable-like arrangement of collagen
(Connects muscle to bone)
6. Zygote Fertilized egg
(Sperm+Egg=Zygote)
Undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
7. Germ Layers Give rise to tissues and organs of animal embryo
8. Blastula Cell that has undergone many cell cleavages
Hollow blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming gastrula (has layers of em-
bryonic tissues)
9. Ectoderm Germ layer covering embryo surface
10. Endoderm Innermost germ layer and lines developing digestive tube (aka=Archenteron)
11. Diploblastic Animals that exhibit both ectoderm and endoderm in the embryo
(Corals, jellyfish)
, BIO 172 UH Manoa Exam 2 Exam fully solved & updated 2025-2026(late
version verified for accuracy) | 2024\2025Latest!!
12. Triploblastic Animals that have intervening Mesoderm layer (bilaterians)
13. Bilaterians All Multicellular animals other than sponges and cnidarians
Exhibit bilateral symmetry and cephalization
14. Cephalization Organization of senses and locomotion toward head region
15. Larva Sexually immature and anatomically distinct from the adult, undergoes meta-
morphosis
16. Juvenile Resembles an adult, but not sexually mature
17. Cambrian explo- 535-525 million years ago, marks earliest fossil appearance of many animal
sion major groups
18. Hox Genes Control the development of body form (Hox Gene "__" can tell to form an arm)
19. Protosome Cell proliferation by spiral cleavage
Coelom forms within the middle tissue germ layer
Initial opening of gut becomes the mouth
20. Deuterostome Cell proliferation by radial cleavage
Coelom forms from outpocket of the middle tissue germ layer
Initial opening of gut becomes the anus
21. Coelom Body cavity surrounding the gut
22. Sessile Do not exhibit locomotion
(Sponges)
23. Collar Cells Flagella bearing cells that create water currents that move through the body
of the sponge
24. Spicules Tiny calcium/silica structures
